英文合同常用词汇与句型

初步学习了英文合同的整 体结构后，读者可能仍然觉得一头雾水，感觉不到对本合同结构从何处下手进行具体的解读。没有关系，读者只需要与大家一起继续阅读就会 发现那些固定在英文合同结构中的术语原来都是如此的简单和易于理解。为什么呢？因为整个英文合同结构不过是一个个英文条款组成的而已，同时，其中还有大量 的定型化的有很强规律可循的常用条款（即前文提到的通用条款“General Provision”以及其他常见“Useful Provision”）。 而且，构成这些条款的词汇、短语和句型也存在着很强的重复性。所以说掌握这些条款以及组成这些条款的常见句式和词汇，就成为攻克合同英语阅读的关键。如果 读者把合同的结构比作人体的骨骼，那么这些通用及常用条款就是这些骨骼组合在一起的穴位与脉络。事实上，研究由这些条款组成的合同结构不但对高效阅读英文 合同有帮助，而且对于英文合同起草能力的培养也是大有裨益的，因为这可以帮助读者在起草合同时达到结构的完整和健全，从而有效地避免合同漏洞。读者在掌握 普通英语（比如通过大学英语四级考试）后进入到专业英语学习阶段时，首先遇到的障碍就是这些由平时不太熟悉的词汇与句型表达的专业含义。如果可以把英文合 同结构比作“森林”，那么英文合同中常用的词汇与句型便是其中一类重要的“树木”。所以，重点研究这类专业表达的规律，是掌握英文合同阅读的一个重要技 巧。本章中，读者将用两节内容训练读者对合同词汇和句型的掌握。第一节着重讲解，第二节着重练习。

第 一节英文合同词汇与句型解析

法律英语难学，基本上是当代中国法律人的 一个共识。难在何处呢？可能法律英语词汇的掌握就是第一只拦路虎。当我们打开英文合同时，经常会发现非常难以理解，即使是常用的合同条款中也充斥着大量的 难以理解的词汇。例如下面这句话（在下文中将进一步解析）

“Limits on Indemnification. No indemnification is required under Section [insert the number of the Section in which Party B agrees to indemnify Party A] until the

aggregate amount of Losses [plus Litigation Expenses] exceeds [$500,000], and then only for the amount by which the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses exceeds [$500,000].”学过法律英语的人都知道，这个句子实际上在法律英语句子中是比较短小和简单的一句，语法问题难不倒我们，难的是里面的几个关键的 词汇，比如indemnification、indemnify 、 Indemnifiable 、aggregate、Litigation以及exceed。如果我们知晓上面的列举的几个所谓法律英语词汇的含义分别是：补偿（名词）、补偿（动 词）、补偿（形容词）、总计、诉讼、超出，那么本句就很容易理解。它的含义实际上就是指：

“补偿限额。只有损失总额（加上诉讼费 用）超过（$500,000）时，才能根据第（插入乙方同意补偿甲方的条款编号）条要求补偿，此时也只对可补偿费用中超过（$500，000）的部分进行 补偿。”

除 了生僻的词汇以外，我们还要注意大量的我们平时熟悉但不能按照普通英语含义理解的词汇。这样的词，我们称之为“熟词生义”。这些词汇的存在也是我们必须解 决的一个问题。比如，“abandon”这个词汇。大家都知道它的含义是“放弃”，但在法律英语里它的常见含义却变成了“弃权”和“委付”，即：在一般的 民事法律关系中，其可以被理解为“弃权”，在商事保险法律关系中，其可以理解为“委付（保险标的物发生推定全损时，由被保险人把保险标的物的所有权转让给 保险人，并向保险人请求赔偿全部保险金）”。再比如“service”，大家对这个词非常熟悉，都知道它是“服务”的意思，但在法律英语中它的含义却被特 定地引申成了“送达”，经常被用在与法律诉讼程序相关的表达上，比如“accept service of the writ”即可以理解为“对令状送达的接受”。

除了以上我们遇到的两类词汇外，还有一类 法律英语专用词汇。它们基本上之出现在法律 英语中，在其他地方根本见不到它们的身影。比如在法律文件中我们前文已经提到的大量像therein（在其中）、thereinafter（在下文中）、 thereof（其）、thereto（附随）、herewith（与此一道）、whereas（鉴于）、thence（从那里）、aforesaid (上述的)等词汇中，由here/there/where等表示方位的副词与in/after/in/of/with等介词连在一起构成的古旧英语。此外 也会见到一些英语的外来词，比如拉丁词汇。我们知道在英国的法制史上，法律曾有一段是用拉丁文写就的。所以，不可避免的在当代英美法律文件中仍可以见到一 些拉丁文身影。 具体到如何学习和记忆英文合同中的这些词 汇和短语，笔者认为通过对英文合同中的短语和句子的理解和记忆是读者掌握战 胜这只拦路虎的好方法。以下内容是笔者在实际工作中积累的一些最常见的合同英语表达，认真研究学习它们相信对读者会有帮助。1.开场白（合同的当事人背景 介绍）

合同

The contract is made and entered into on_____day of____(month),____(year),by and between:___(hereinafter refered to as the “Party A”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of____,with its registered office located at___,and ___( hereinafter refered to as the “Party B”),and inpidual,with nationality of___residing at___. 参考译文：本合同于___年___月___日签订，双方当事人为：依照___州法律组织设立的___公 司(以下简称“甲方”)，主营业地为___，与___国籍的___（以下简称“乙方”），居住于___。 注释与说明： （1）by and between 表示合同由哪些当事人订立，如果是三方或三方以上当事人则使用“by and among”。 （2）organized and existing 在表明法人身份时，可以使用此表达方法或者使用“incorporated and existing”。 （3）registered office 此表达意思为“注册所在地”，另外一个常见词是“principal office(主营业地)”。 2.过渡条款

Now therefore,in consideration of the pmises and covenants described hereinafter,Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文： 因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释与说明： （1）“in consideration of the pmises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到……”。读者应重点理解“pmise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关 的基础不动产或处所，比如“ancillary pmises(附属房产)”、“business pmises(营业场所)”。但是，在英文合同它却变成了“前提条件（可以引申理解为‘对价’）”，“in consideration of the pmises and covenants”直接含义就是“基于对此前提条件和承诺的考虑”，引申理解为“基于对价”。 3.结尾条款

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized repsentatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文： 本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释与说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4. favor

“in favor of somebody”=“in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： （1）以某人为受益人 We have instructed our bank to open an irrevocable documentary letter of credit in your favor（in favor of you）. The amount is $ 1300.00. 参考译文：我们已通知我方银行开立以你方为受益人的、不可撤消的、跟单信用证，其金额为一千三百美金。 注释与说明： A．irrevocable是指“不可撤销的”含义。其词根为“revoke撤销”，在合同法中对“要 约”的撤销即为“revoke”，但应注意其名词形式为“revocation”，以防止拼写错误。 （2）有利于某人 “The balance of power between contracting parties usually tips in favor of the party who drafts the written contract.。” 参考译文：合同双方的缔约力量的天平常常向起草者倾斜。 注释与说明： A.除本要点所讲favor用法之外，读者还应关注balance一词在法律英语中的常见含义。除表示 “平衡”外，其还经常表示“结余”，比如“account balance(账号余额)”。 5.subject to sth “subject to sth”: (1)遵从、遵守 This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits(1983 Revision),International Chamber of Commerce,Publication No.400. 参考译文：本信用证遵守国际商会第400号出版物，即《跟单信用证统一规则（1983年修订版）》 (2)根据(法律、法规、合同等) Subject to this section,an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are pscribed by rules made under subsection(5). 参考译文：根据本条规定，上诉应该根据（5）款订立的规则内规定的方式提出，并须受该规则所规定的条件 限制。 (3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于……”，“隶属于……”，“使经受……”。 Rates of Exchange often subject to alterations． 汇率经常处于变动中。 Ancient Rome subject at most of Europe to her rule． 古罗马征服了大半个欧洲。 We must subject all the applications to careful scruting. 我方必须对所有的申请进行仔细的审查。 （4）由上述第（3）个含义引申为“办理”、“存在” Where validity of a contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision shall govern. 法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。 注释与说明： A.本句译文中“应当办理XX手续”的结构还可以直接使用“go through famality”这个短语。比如“go through customs famalities（办理通关手续）”。 Where a standard term is subject to two or more interptations, it shall be interpted against the party providing it. Where a discrepancy exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the non-standard term pvails. 对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式条款和非格式条款不一致的， 应当采用非格式条款。 6.除非……另有规定

“除非……另有规定”的多种表达句式 （1）unless the context otherwise requires In this Ordinance,unless the context otherwise requires, “state”means a territory or group of territories having its/their own law of nationality. 参考译文：在本条例中，除非上下文中另有规定，“国家”指拥有自身国籍法的一领域或一组领域。 注释与说明： A.除了使用require之外，常见的同义词还有 privide，stipulate，specify等。 （2）save(except) as otherwise provided 应注意的是在此表达中的save 和except可以互换使用。 Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof. 参考译文：除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出 则在发送时视为收悉。 注释与说明： A. herein=in here=in this legal document B. hereof=of here=of this legal document 7.without pjudice to

“without pjudice to”的基本含义是“不损害……”。但在不同语境下，仍可分以下两种具体含义： （1）“在不影响……的原则下” Withou pjudice to section 24,the following will shall be treated as properly executed. 参考译文：在不影响第24条的原则下，以下遗嘱视为正式签署。 （2）“不妨碍……” The Party A shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without pjudice to the Party A’s right to claim compensations. 参考译文：不妨碍甲方索赔权，甲方仍有权取消部分或全部合同。 注释与说明： 注意理解“cancel”一词。在合同法中，有合同解除制度。常用的英文表达为“cancel”和 “rescind”。 8.如果

“如果”的表达方式：以下四种方式均可以表达假设关系，但应注意其假设的程度是呈逐一递减的状态的，即 使用should时可能性最小，其次为“in the event”，再次为“in case”，最后也是最常见的是“where”(即等于普通英语中的“if”)。 （1）where Where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period. 参考译文：如果雇员被给予任何一段期间的年假，则雇主最迟须于该段期间后的第一个发薪日给付该雇员该段 期间的年假薪酬。 A.注释与说明： 应 注意理解本句中的“in respect of”，这一表达在此处实际上就代替了“of”，比如“acution in respect of damages to goods（货物损坏之赔偿）”所以“ annual leave pay in respect of that period”就可以简化理解为“annual leave pay of that period（该段期间的年假薪酬）”。另外，需要提示的是在英文合同中最常见的两个表示“关于”的表达除了“in respect of”外还有“with respect to”。 （2）in case In case of any discrepancy, the Chinese language text shall pvail. 参考译文：如有差异，以中文文本为准。 (3) in the event In the event of a breach, there is a greater chance that a court will enforce explicit terms. 参考译文：如有违约，则法院极有可能执行明确的合同条款。 (4)should Should the Party B not make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Provision 18 to this contract,the Party A shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Party B agrees to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation. 参考译文：如果乙方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力而未按照合同规定的期限交货，则只要乙方同意支 付罚金，并由付款行从议付中扣除，甲方便同意乙方延期交货。 注释与说明： 读者应注意“should”一词在表示假设时，使用倒装语序。 9. any person who does…shall…

“any person who does…shall…”表示“任何做某事之人应……”。 Any person who is an employee at the commencement of the period during which the business or part thereof is closed down for the purpose specificed in subsection(1),and who is not otherwise entitled to annual leave pay in respect of any day during that period,shall,as regards the period beginning on the appropriate day and ending on the day pceding the first day of the close down,be entitled to annual leave calculated in accordance with subsection (4). 参考译文：任何因第（1）款所指明目的而停业或部分停业期间开始时已经成为雇员之人，若非因该次停业而 无权获得该段期间任何一天的年假薪酬，则就始于适用日而止于停业首日之前一日之期间，应有权享有按照第4款计算的年假。 注释与说明： 本句斜线部分是本句型的机构，应注意排除文中大量插入语的干扰。 10. for the purpose of

“for the purpose of”:就……而言 For the purpose of this Agreement, “control”shall mean either the ownership of fifty-one percent or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company. 参考译文：就本协议而言，“控制”系指拥有在股东大会上有投票权的百分之五十一或以上的公司普通股股 本，或拥有任命公司董事会中多数董事的权利。 注释与说明： 在英文合同和其他法律文件中的很多情况下，这个句型并非是指“为了XX目的”而是指“就XX法律问题而 言”。其他例子比如“for the purpose of Article XX（就XX条款而言）”。 11.provided that “provided that”:但是 （1）Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Party A after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise.A new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Party A and the Party B. 但是甲方在本协议所产生的租赁关系期满后获得的租金或中间收益的行为，不得被认为构成弃权或是对本协议 的违反，亦不得认为构成了一个新的租赁期限或其他任何解释。新的租赁关系的产生只能以甲方和乙方以书面订立的形式为之。 注释与说明： A.英文合同中很少使用“but”一词，表示转折时常常使用本结构及本结构的变形 “…provided, however, that…”。同时，应用此结构时大多会像下面例（2）一样，放在句子的后半部分，表示转折。 （2）This Agreement commences on the date the last party signs it and expires after [number] years, unless it is terminated earlier as provided in this Agreement. At the expiration of this Agreement, the parties may negotiate a renewal or extension of the term, provided that the Party B is in full compliance with this Agreement at that time. 参考译文：除本协议另有规定外，本协议自最后在其上签字的一方签字时生效并于[]年后失效。在本协议失 效之际，合同当事人可以协商延长合同期限，但是乙方在彼时应完全符合本协议的要求。 12.notwithstanding

“notwithstanding”:即使，表示一种让步。 （1）If the Party A places an order within the time designated in this offer, the price for the goods will remain firm notwithstanding any variation in the costs of producing the goods. 参考译文：如果在要约指定的时间内，由甲方发出了订单，则货物价格应保持不变，即使生产成本发生变化。 （2）Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein,insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties. 参考译文：即使存在与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制亦应当以各方同意为准。 注释与说明： A． 在英文合同句子中有两个常见的结构性标志词汇，即此处的表示让步关系的“notwithstanding”和前述的表转折关系的“provided that”。在较复杂的句子中读者经常会见到这两个表达方法同时使用，阅读的技巧在于全句的主干一定不会出现在“notwithstanding”和 “provided that”引导的让步和转折从句中。比如下面的例子（注意斜体字标出的部分）： The indemnity, release, holding harmless, defendance and protection obligations assumed in Article XX shall apply in respect of the full liability of the indemnitee for claims, notwithstanding the indemnitee may be entitled to contribution thereto from any other person and notwithstanding such liability may relate to negligence of a third party, provided that in such event the indemnifying party shall be fully subrogated to the rights of the indemnitee against such third party. 参考译文：规定在XX条款中的补偿、免责、免受损失、以及抗辩和保护的义务应适用于与被补偿人相关的所 有责任；即使被补偿人还可向他人主张权利，即使该等责任可能与第三人的过失相关；但是在此等情形下，被补偿人应将其可向该等第三人主张的权利让与补偿人。 阅读提示： A. 读者应理解在本句中实际上存在五方关系人，即补偿人（indemnifying party）、被补偿人（indemnitee）、第三人（third party）、他人（any other person） 以及隐含的“向被补偿人主张权利的他人”。本条款实际上会出现在某些复杂的商事合同中，比如“甲方（被补偿人）向乙方（补偿人）购买由丙方（他人，通常是 保险公司）质量承保的某种产品。结果甲方在使用该产品时，因为丁方（第三人）过错造成了戊方（可向被补偿人主张权利的他人）的人身伤害。”此时，为了甲乙 双方为避免此类事件发生后发生扯皮，所以就常常在双方的产品买卖合同中进行类似本条款的约定。 B.读者应理解本条 款中的句子主干在于The indemnity, release, holding harmless, defendance and protection obligations assumed in Article XX shall apply in respect of the full liability of the indemnitee for claims，而不是notwithstanding和provided that引导的让步和转折从句。 13.here/there /where+in/after/of等介词

herein/hereafter/hereof以及therein/thereafter /thereof等 英 文中有大量这种由“here/there/where”加上“by/in/after/of/to/with”构成的虚词。理解的关键就在于将后面的介词 前置然后再加上“here/there/where”所指代的this/that/which，最后再根据上下文解析出实际含义。 注释与说说明： （1）here 常常指代“本法律文件”，所以在英文合同中便常常指代“contract”。比如herein即为“in this contract（在本合同中）”。 （2）there虽没有具体的指代，只能根据上下文推敲；但是他们经常可以理解为汉语中的“该等、及 其、由此、其中”等等虚词。比如下面的这个例子： If a technological achievement accomplished by an inpidual was an assignment from the legal person or other organization with which he formerly served and was chiefly accomplished by utilizing the material and technological resources of the legal person or other organization with which he is currently serving, the rights and interests therein shall be determined in accordance with the agreement reached between the legal person or other organization with which the natural person formerly served and the one with which he is currently serving. If they fail to reach an agreement, the two parties shall share the technological achievement reasonably in proportion to their contributions to the accomplishment thereof. 参考译文： 个人完成的技术成果，属于执行原所在法人或者其他组织的工作任务，又主要利用了现在法人或者其他组织的 物质技术条件的，应当按照该自然人原所在和现所在法人或者其他组织达成的协议确认其中权益。不能达成协议的，根据对完成该项技 术成果的贡献的大小由双方合理分享。 hereby=by this contract herein=in this contract hereafter=after this contrat hereof=of this contract hereto=to this contract herewith=with this contract thereby=by that therein=in there thereafter=after that thereof=of that thereto=to that therewith=with that whereby=by which wherein=in where whereafter=after which whereof=of which whereto=to which wherewith=with where 14.as of the date

as of the date of XX:追溯性地表示“自某年某月某日起” The contract is effective as of a certain date 参考译文：本合同自某年某月某日起生效。 15.in question

“in question”表示“该、此” A price to be paid by the Party A under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question. 参考译文：甲方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货 条件。 16.根据

“根据”的常见表达方式 (1)subject to (参见前文第5点) (2)in accordance with In case no settlement can be reached,the dispute shall be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission. 参考译文：如未达成和解方案，则纠纷应当提交给中国国际贸易仲裁委员会，根据该会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规 定进行仲裁。 (3)pursuant to To give notice pursuant to this Agreement, a party must send written notice to the other party at the address stated in this Agreement. 参考译文：根据本协议给予通知，一方必须向本协议中规定的另一方地址发送书面通知。 (4)in compliance with Each party shall contribute his paid in capital in compliance with the items specificed in the schedule to the contract. 参考译文：合同各方应根据本合同附件中所载明的项目进行出资。 17.including but not limited to

“including but not limited to”:包括但不限于 All intellectual property rights associated with the goods—including but not limited to company names, trade names, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, patents, designs, and copyrights—remain the property of the Party B, provided that any such rights associated with particular specifications supplied by the Party A are not the Party B's property. 参考译文：与货物相关的所有知识产权，包括但不限于公司名称、商业名称、商标、服务标记、商业外观、专 利、设计、著作权，均属于乙方财产，但是甲方提出的任何与特别规定相关的权利不属于乙方财产。 18.常理解为“有权利做某事”的英文表 达

“有权利做某事”的几种常见表达方式 (1)have the right to do Where the obligee does not notify the obligor its pision, consolidation or change of domicile so as to make it difficult for the obligor to perform the obligations, the obligor has right to suspend to perform or have the subject matter deposited. 参考译文：债权人分立、合并或者变更住所没有通知债务人，致使履行债务发生困难的，债务人可以中止履行 或者将标的物提存。 注释与说明： A.domicile表示住所，例如“rescidential domicile（经常居住地）”。 B.“have sth deposited”表示“提存”。 (2)be entitled to do The Party A is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the Goods at the [Party B's place of business or point of shipping]. 参考译文：在[乙方营业地或运输地]甲方有权自行或委托其代理人检验货物。 (3)do sth at one’s option or/and discretion (4)have the authority to do 19．有义务做某事 “有义务做”的几种表达方式 (1)have the obligation to do (2)be obliged to do Party A was obliged to sell their house in order to perform his obligation. 甲方有义务出卖房产以履行义务。 (3)be liable/responsible to do 20．英文合同中常见的几种“担保物权”

学习几个重要的担保物权概念 (1)encumbrance：在财产上设定的他物权的总称，包括 mortgage,charge,pledge,lien等。可简称为“权利负担”。 (2)mortgage：特指不动产抵押，“按揭”。 (3)charge：抵押，包括动产抵押和不动产抵押。 (4)pledge：质押 (5)lien：留置 Party A further repsents and warrants that the Land is free and clear of any and all claims, charges, easement, encumbrances, lease, covenants, security interest, liens, option, pledge, rights of others, or restrictions, whether imposed by agreement, understanding, law, equity or otherwise. 参考译文：甲方进一步陈述和保证，土地不存在任何权利主张、抵押、地役权、权利负担、租约、契约、担保 权益、留置权、购买权、质押、他人权利或限制，无论是以协议、谅解、普通法、衡平法还是其他方式设定。 21. 合同英语中“因为”的表达方法 （1）owing to （2）attributable to Should the Party A be unable to arrange insurance in time owing to the Party B’s failure to give the above-mentioned advice of shipment by cable or telex,the Party B shall be held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such failure. 参考译文：如果甲方不能及时安排买保险的原因是乙方未能以电报或电传方式发出上述装运通知，则由此产生 的损失和损害赔偿责任应由乙方承担。 (3)due to crime of being defaulted due to professional misconduct in signing and executing contract.签订、履行合同失职被骗罪 (4)in view of In view of the personal nature of the service to be performed under this Agreement by you, you cannot assign or transfer any of your obligations under this Agreement. 参考译文：因为本协议中待贵方履行的服务有人身性质，贵方不能转让本协议中贵方的任何义务。 (5)by virtue of The purpose of the contract can not be realized by virtue of force majeure. 参考译文：因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的。 22. “涉及”和“与……相关”的表达 (1)in respect of Notwithstanding Provision 16.1, Party B shall not be entitled to claim for itself in respect of any Force Majeure in Provision 16.1. 参考译文：即使有16.1条款之规定，乙方仍无权根据与该条款相关的不可抗力规定提出索赔。 (2)with respect to Party C or New Company shall retain all rights with respect to the specifications, plans, drawings and other documents and Party B undertakes not to disclose the same or pulge any information contained therein to any third party without the prior written consent of Party C or New Company. 参考译文：丙方或新公司应保留相关说明书、计划书、图纸和其他文件的所有权利且乙方应承诺未经丙方或新 公司事先书面同意不得披露上述文件或泄露上述文件所包含的任何信息给第三方。 (3) pertaining to/pertaining thereof Broker is in the business of brokering real estate loans and engages sales repsentative to perform services pertaining to such business. 参考译文：经纪人是指，在房地产贷款经纪业务中聘用销售代表进行与该业务相关的服务的人。 (4)pertinent All activities of the Cooperative venture company shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People’s Republic of China. 参考译文：合作经营企业的一切活动均应受中华人民共和国的法律、法规及相关规定和规章调整。 23. “incur”表示“引起，招致”

In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance pmium thus incurred shall be borne by the Party B. 参考译文：如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由甲方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外的费用。 24.英文合同中的“尽力做某事”

(1)use all reasonable endeavors/efforts to do sth Except as contemplated by this Agreement,from the date hereof through the Closing Date,Mattel shall cause TLC Subsidiary to use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct its business in the ordinary course in all material respects. 参考译文：除本协议另有规定外，从本协议日期到成交日，Mattel公司应促使TLC子公司竭尽全力在 所有实质方面按照通常程序进行交易。 (2)make full endeavors to do sth Both parties shall make full endeavors to get the ratification within 60(sixty) days. 参考译文：双方应努力在60天内获得批准。 (3)exert one’s efforts to do sth 25.表达“禁止某种行为”的句式 “禁止某种行为”的两种表达方式 (1)to refrain/abstain from doing sth (2)pvent sb from doing sth 26. 对“commit”的理解 commit sb to doing sth He has committed himself to complying with the contract. 参考译文：他承诺将信守合同。 27.undertake的含义和用法 (1)to accept the responsibility When you undertake to do sth, you commit yourself to doing it. 注释与说明： A.注意比较理解其与commit的用法 (2)to promise to do sth 28. amount to （1）“构成” Many statements do not amount to offers. 参考译文：许多声明并不构成要约。 （2）达到 All those items amount to $90 000. 参考译文：所有项目的总额达到90 000美元。 29.waive

(1)=give up, relinquish a right “弃权” On settling the matter privately she waived her right to file a suit against his breach of the contract. 参考译文：通过私下解决的方式，她放弃了对他提起违约之诉的权利。 (2)=not enforce a requirement “不再强制要求” Given the Party B’s pcarious financial situation, the Party A waived the requirement of timely payment. 参考译文：考虑到乙方不稳定的经济状况，甲方不再强制要求乙方按时付款。 30.合同中表示“对比 （contrast）”的词汇及其用法 (1)whereas/while Whereas/while other countries were inspired by the Enlightenment to codify laws and draft constitutions, Britain clung to a common law tradition. 参考译文：虽然法典化和成文宪法影响了很多国家，但英国仍然坚持了其普通法传统。 (2)differ from/be different from…in that Many countries differ from/are different from England in that they have a written constitution. 参考译文：很多国家不同于英格兰之处在于它们拥有成文宪法。 (3)in contrast/by contrast The English judge takes no part in deciding guilt or innocence. The French judge, in/by contrast, reaches a verdict together with the jury. 参考译文：英国法官并不参与确定被告人是否有罪；相比之下，法国法官却有权同陪审团一起做出此等裁判。 (4)as distinct from The American legal system, as distinct from the British one, allows lawyers to charge contingency fees. 参考译文：与英国的司法体制不同的是，美国允许律师收取风险代理费。 31. 英文合同中常见的以“coun”开头的一组易混淆词汇 (1)counsel:作名词时表示“律师”，作动词时表示“建议” The judge asked counsel for the defence to explain his point. 参考译文：法官向律师征询辩护意见。 (2)council：委员会 the United Nations Security Council (3)councilor：议员 The councilor in charge of the contract objected to the plan. (4)counsellor:顾问 He is an excellent counsellor. I’d listen to him if I were you. 32.英文合同对“前后”的表达 (1)在……之前: prior to Party A’s right to reject prior to acceptance of goods 参考译文：甲方在接受货物之前的拒绝权。 (2)在……之后: after, upon，subsequent to Upon acceptance, does this offer form the basis of a binding contract? 参考译文：一经承诺，该要约是否构成了一份有效力的合同呢？ If under the terms of the agreement the order of performance depends on an event subsequent to the time of making the contract, that event is to be taken into account. 参考译文：根据合同条款，如果履行顺序应当根据本合同签订后的某一事件确定，那么该事件应当被予以考 虑。 33.give rise to:引起,导致

虽然在英语中有很多种表示“引起，导致”的词汇和短语，比如lead to/result in/as a consequence of等等，但最正式的却是“give rise to”。 Every contractual obligation in a contract gives rise to a corresponding contractual right. 参考译文：合同中的每项义务都会引起相应的合同权利。 A breach of this undertaking may give rise to an incidence, which relieves the charterer of his obligations under the charter-party. 对本义务的违背解除了承租方在租船合同项下的义务。 34.英文合同常见的防止权利滥用的表 达：“不得无理由拒绝” which shall not be unreasonably withheld:不得无理由拒绝 在合同转让条款中经常出现“应当经过当事人事先书面同意，否则不得转让”的条款，但同时为了限制这种权 利的滥用，也常常会在其后跟一句“which shall not be unreasonably withheld”:不得无理由拒绝。 Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests hereunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. 参考译文：任何一方未经事先书面同意，不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和权益，但该另一方不 得无理拒绝同意。 注释与说明： A.法律人在合同谈判中的作用不仅是指出合同中对己方不利的条款，更重要的是要找出双方共同点并以此设 计出双方均认可的利益平衡条款。所以，英文合同中往往会出现这种“当事人一方有权做某事的同时亦应当负担某种义务，以防止权利滥用”的条款。 B. 读者应注意理解上述第二个句子中的“assign”一词，在合同中它是指“转让”，对象一般是“权利”。另外有两个词也可以表示转让，即 “transfer”和“delegate”。但“transfer”的转让对象一般为“整个合同”；而“delegate”的转让对象则为责任“义务 ”，所以“delegate”又常常理解为“代理”。 35.claim damages:索赔

Party A or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract. 参考译文：甲方及其权利继承人有权主张终止合同或索赔。 注释与说明： A．在英文合同中还时常会见到“有义务赔偿”的表达：“be liable for damages”。 B．successor意为“继承人”。 36.notify sb of sth in writing:书面通知某人某事

The Party B shall promptly notify the Party A, in writing, of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition involving the Trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusingly similar marks which may come to its attention. 参考译文：一旦被许可方获悉涉及商标的侵权行为或涉嫌的侵权行为，或涉及商标的不正当竞争行为，以及引 起混淆的类似商标的申请和注册，被许可方应立即书面通知许可方。 37.英文合同中与“good”相关的词 的理解 (1)表示“有效” Good contract (2)表示“有信用” Goodwill (3)表示“完整的” Good title:完整的所有权，无可争辩的所有权。 (4)在“in good standing”中表示“资格完备，营业状况良好的”。 Party A is a company duly organized, validly existing and in good standing as a legal person under the laws of the PRC. 参考译文：甲方是依据中国法律正式成立、有效存续和资格完备的公司法人。 (5)good faith:诚信 38. to the extent

to the extent:在……程度上，仅仅 此短语常常出现在保密条款中，表明保密的程度。 Party A and its affiliates and successors shall, after prior notice to, and consultation with Party B, be permitted to disclose any such Confidential Information to the extent legally required or necessary for obtaining appropriate regulatory licenses or approvals. 参考译文：甲方和关联公司及其继受人经事先通知乙方并与乙方协商后，应允许其仅按法律要求或为获得相关 管理部门执照或批准而披露必须予以披露的任何该等机密信息。 注释与说明： A.很多时候，在英文合同中见到这个词都应当理解为“仅仅”。例如，“Party A shall be subrogated to the rights to the extent of…（甲方应仅以XX为限行使代位权）” 39.英文合同中常见的“以两种情况中先 发生的为准”的表达:whichever occurs earlier

Party A will deliver to Party B all Confidential Information and all copies thereof (and all other property obtained from or through Party B) when Party B requests the same or immediately upon termination of this Agreement, whichever occurs earlier, except for one copy thereof that Party A may retain for its records. 参考译文：乙方要求时，或本协议终止时（以两种情况中先发生的为准），甲方将向乙方提交所有机密信息及 一切副本（和从客户或通过客户获得的一切其他财产），但甲方可以存档的一份副本除外。 注释与说明： A．读者应注意本句中“upon”的含义，其实际上类似于“after”表示“在……之后”。 B．“to retain for record”的含义为存档。 40.关于合同效力的表达

(1)to be null and void/to be invalid and unenforceable:无效 It was held by the court that the contract was null and void. 参考译文：法院宣布该合同无效。 (2)to be in force and effect:有效 If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement shall be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall no in any way be affected or impaired and shall remain in full force and effect. 参考译文：如果本协议的某条款或数条款，根据任何适用法律在任何方面是无效的、不合法的或不能执行的， 则本协议的其他条款的效力、合法性和可执行性不受任何影响或损害，并仍然完全有效。 41.“自费”：at one’s cost/expense

During the term of this Agreement, Party A shall undertake, renew and maintain for its benefits and interest, and at its own cost and expense, the following primary insurance policies. 参考译文：在本协议期间，甲方应为自身利益自费购买、续买、保持下列主要保险。 注释与说明: A.合同中的“policy”在多数情况下与保险相关，其本身即为“保单”。 B．“renew”是指“续展”，我们常讲的“合同的续展”也是这个词，如to renew the contract。 42.vice versa:反之亦然

Words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa. 参考译文：单数词包含其复数形态，反之亦然。 注释与说明： A.“vice versa”为拉丁用语，在英文合同中时常可见其身影。常用的拉丁用语见第一章第二节。 B．注意英文“singular与plural ”是“单复数”的意思。 43.release/discharge sb from sth:免除某人某种义务

Each Party forever releases and discharges the other from all claims, debts, allegations, actions, causes of action and demands, whether known or unknown, arising from or in connection with the Claim and existing as at the date of this Settlement Agreement, including without limitation any liability for legal costs connected with or arising out of the subject matter of the Claim. 参考译文：各方永久免除并解除另一方因主张引起或与之相关的、及在本协议之日存在的一切索赔、债务、指 控、诉讼事由和要求（无论是已知的还是未知的）应承担的责任，包括但不限于承担与主张的标的相关的或因之引起的法律费用的责任。 注释与说明： A.注意其中的累赘词现象。 B.arising from=arising out of，前面经常接“disputes,claims, debts, allegations, actions”等词，表示“源于XX的纠纷、索赔、债务、请求及诉讼”。 44.in lieu of:替代，意思同“instead of”

The expss warranties in this Agreement shall be in lieu of all other warranties, expss or implied, including the implied warranties of merchantability, non-infringement, interoperability, and fitness for a particular purpose. 参考译文：本协议中明示的保证，应取代一切其他明示、默示的保证，包括对产品的适销性、不侵权、互用性 和适用于某一特定目的的默示保证。 注释与说明： A.如同在英文合同中使用“provided that”代替“but”一样，英文合同和其他英文法律文件中较少使用“instead of”而代之以“in lieu of”。 45.英文合同中常见的与“管辖”相关的 词汇

The local court is the competent court to deal with the case. 参考译文：当地法院即是管辖法院。 competent jurisdiction:管辖地 46.levy的两种常见用法 (1)levy a tax on sb:向某人征税 All the relevant taxes shall be levied on Party B. 参考译文：所有税务均由方承担。 (2)levy a fine against sb:对某人罚款 The judge levied a $5 million fine against the factory for polluting the river. 参考译文：因该厂污染河水，法官对其处以500万美元罚款。 47.within three months of the receipt of sth:自收到某物后三个月内

The examination and approval authority shall, within three months of the receipt of all the documents set out in Article 5 of these Regulations, decide whether to approve or not to approve such documents. 参考译文：审批机关自接到本条例第五条规定的全部文件之日起，3个月内决定批准或者不批准。 注释与说明： A.“examination and approval authority”是指“审批机关”。由此及彼“formality of examination and approval”是指“审批手续”。 B．within sometime of sth=with sometime after doing 这两个句式（尤其是前一个）表示的含义是“自XX行为后XX日期内”。所以在汉英翻译中应掌握两种用法，比如：“本交易完成后三（3）年内”既可以翻译为 “within three(3) years of completion of this transaction”，也可以翻译为“within three(3) years after completing of this transaction”。 48.英文合同中 confirmation的理解 (1)不可数名词“确认、证实” This contract needs confirmation by the manager. 参考译文：本合同需要经理的确认。 (2)可数名词“确认书” Before entering into a formal contract, I will send you a confirmation. 参考译文：在正式订立合同前，我将向读者送交一份确认书。 49.英文合同中claim的理解

（1）可数名词，与file,lodge,put forward/reject,waive等词连用，表示提出/放弃索赔 The Party A lodged a claim against the Party B for his breach of contract. 参考译文：甲方向乙方提出了因其违约而造成损失的索赔。 注释与说明： A．file,lodge,bring等词还可以与action/lawsuit等词连用，表示“起 诉”，其后亦常跟介词against表示所针对的对象。 （2）及物动词，“索赔”：claim sth against sb Party A claimed $1000 against Party B. 参考译文：甲方向乙方索赔1000美元。 50.sb shall in no way do any other thing than sth:某人除了做……之外，不得做 In consideration of the exclusive right herein granted, Party A shall in no way directly or indirectly sell or export Products toTerritory through any other channel than Party B. 参考译文： 鉴于本协议赋予的独家权利，甲方不得通过乙方以外的渠道直接或间接向地区销售或出口产品。 51.abide的含义

（1）不及物动词，与by连用，表示“遵守”。 We assure you that we will abide by the rules. 参考译文：我方保证将遵守所有的规则。 （2）及物动词，表示“忍受” We cannot abide your breach of contract. 参考译文：我们无法容忍你们的违约行为。 52.一组关于企业形态变更的名词 （1）bankruptcy:破产 （2）insolvency:无偿债能力 （3）dissolution:解散 （4）modification:重组 （5）receivership proceedings:接管清算程序 （6）consolidation:合并 In the event of bankruptcy,insolvency,dissolution,modification,consolidation,Receivership proceedings affecting the operation of business or discontinuation of business for any reason and/or reorganization by the third party,either of the parties hereto shall have the absolute right to terminate this Agreement forthwith. 参考译文:如遇破产、无力偿债、解散、变更、合并、接管清算程序而影响经营，或因任何原因不能继续经 营，或由第三方改组时合同的任何一方有绝对权利立即终止本合同。 53.英文合同对“damage”的使用 damage的用法 （1）不可数名词：损坏、损害 The great damage to property has been caused by the force majeure 参考译文：不可抗力已造成财产损失。 （2）可数名词：赔偿费 The court ordered Party A to pay $10 000 damages to Party B for the loss sustained. 参考译文：法院判令甲方对乙方所受损失付给一万美元的赔偿金。 注释与说明： 当用作“赔偿费、赔偿金”时，读者应当注意使用复数形式。 （3）及物动词：损坏 （4）注意与injury的区别:injury 常见在人格权受损方面；damage常见在财产受损方面。 54.render的用法 （1）提供 We are ready to render them economic assistance. 参考译文：我方愿意向他们提供经济帮助。 注释与说明： A.“render”当作“提供”使用时，常在合同中与“performance”并用，构成 “render performance to(含义等同于perform)”表示“履行义务”。 （2）提出 We have rendered a report to the committee. 参考译文：我方已经向委员会提交了报告。 （3）开立账单 They have rendered an account for payment. 参考译文：他们已开立账单收款。 （4）归还 They will render back your money as soon as possible. 参考译文：他们将尽快把钱归还给读者。 （5）使得 The machine was rendered useless by unskilled handling. 参考译文：由于操作不熟练，机器报废了。 55.英文合同中常见的“租赁”表达

（1）lease:根据租赁合同进行租赁，并且对象为大型机器、设备、土地，同时租赁期限较长，比如 “building lease建筑租赁”； （2）rent:用于房屋租赁，时间长短均可，且不一定存在租约，比如“room for rent房屋租赁”； （3）hire:用于杂物及劳务租用，时间短，常常无租约“hire a taxi租赁一辆出租车”； （4）let：多在英国用于房屋出租，时间长短不一，比如“housing let房屋租赁”； （5）charter:用于大型交通工具如飞机、轮船等，必须签订租约，常见于海商法，比如 “bareboat charter空仓租赁”。 56.表示合同文件份数的表达 in duplicate=in 2 copies:一式两份 in triplicate=in 3 copies:一式三份 in quadruplicate=in 4 copies:一式四份 in quintuplicate=in 5 copies:一式五份 in sextuplicate=in 6 copies:一式六份 57.英文合同中的“engage”的用 法 (1)及物动词，“雇佣，聘请” He dicided to engage a lawyer to defend the case in the court. 参考译文：他决定聘请律师在法庭上对此案进行抗辩。 (2)及物动词，“保证” The company had engaged itself to finish the building by May. 参考译文：该公司层保证于五月份建好大楼。 (3)不及物动词，“从事于（与in连用）” We engage in construction business in China. 参考译文：我方在中国从事建筑业。 58. “be liable to”的不同用法 (1)应受到……的 A violation of this regulation is liable to a punishment.违反这个规定应受处罚。 (2)易于……的 Careless motorists are liable to accidents. 参考译文：粗心大意的司机易于出车祸 (3)有义务的 Citizens are liable to certain duties. 参考译文：公民须尽相关义务。 (4)应受控制的 Every driver is liable to the driving laws of the country. 参考译文：每个司机都应遵守国家的驾驶法规。 59.并购

表示“并购”的三个近义词 （1）acquication:收购 多指以收购目标公司股份或资产的方式达到控制目的的行为（the obtaining of controlling interest in a company）。收购之后，两个公司仍然继续存在。 （2）merger:兼并 多 以被兼并公司的法人人格消亡为标志（“The absorption of one company by another,the former losing its legal identity,and the latter retains its own name and identity and acquiring assets,liabilities,franchises,and powers of the former,and absorbed company ceasing to exist as separate business entity”引自 Black’s law dictionary,abridged 6th edition）。 （3）consolidation:合并 参与合并的公司全部丧失法人人格，并成为一家新公司（all corporations terminate their existence and become parties to a new one）。 60.关联企业 常见的三种关联企业 （1）affiliate:广义上的具有法人人格的子公司，只要有参股关系即可，常翻译为“关联公 司”。 （2）subsidiary:狭义上的具有法人人格的子公司，一般须受母公司控股，常翻译为“子公 司”。 （3）branch:一般指不具备法人人格的分支机构，常翻译为“分公司”。 61.担保 常见的两种担保 （1）guaranty: 对他人做出的一种附属性质的担保，必须做成书面形式。一般债权人只有对主债务人穷尽救济方法后才可以行使这种担保权。换言之，担保人并非主债务关系中的当 事人。其主体地位类似于《中华人民共和国担保法》中的“保证人”。应用示例：In the process of identifying a guaranteed contract,if the main contract is invalid,the guaranteed contract is invalid：保证合同认定中 ,主合同无效 ,则保证合同无效。 （2）warranty: 合同一方当事人向另一方当事人做出的关于本身行为或物品的担保，是一种严格的单方承诺保证。该担保类似于我国“产品质量三包条款”。所以，读者常见的合同 中有个“承诺与保证”条款，其中就必须使用“repsentations and warranties”，而不能使用guaranty代替warranty。应用示例：Warranty period constitutes a legal fact the passing of which will entitle the warrantor to be exempted from the liability of warranty under the agreement：保证期间构成保证人于期间届满时被免除保证责任的法律事实。 62.英文合同中的“it is+形容词+不定式”句型（注意斜体字）

当需要避免在英文合同中出现人称主语时，经常使用“it is+形容词+不定式”句型。例如 In any contractual arrangement, it is important to establish clearly the rights and obligations of each party.在任何一个合同关系中，明确确立各方的权利义务是非常重要的。 it is essential for the international contract to spell out in definite terms the rights and obligations of each party有必要在国际合同中规定各方的具体的权利义务。 63.英文合同中的“it is+形容词+that”句型

It is essential that you know and understand the legal implications and boundaries of trade in your own country and abroad. 参考译文：了解国内外关于贸易的各种法律限制对读者是非常重要的。 In a one-time sale, it is unlikely that a party will have time to assign the contract to another person.参考译文：在一次性交易中，当事人没有时间转让合同给他人。 64.英文合同关于“推销”的表达 （1）promote the sale of Party B accepts the appointment and agrees to sell and promote the sale of the Products. 参考译文：乙方接受委托并同意销售和推销该产品。 （2）market There appears to be no difficulty in marketing the Products. 参考译文：在市场上推销此产品似乎并不难。 65.英文合同关于“支付”的多种表达 （1）pay I’d like to pay by cheque (2)cover These expenses shall be covered by Party A. (3)bear We can bear the additional charges. (4)reimburse(偿还) Your losses will be reimbursed by us. 参考译文：你方的损失将由我方补偿。 (5)settle one’s account The suppliers have been informed that you will settle their account directly. 参考译文：已通知供应商你方会直接付款。 （6）defray The expenses of national parks are defrayed by the taxpayers.国家公园的经费都是由纳税人承担的。 （7）for one’s account Any losses that may occur during transportation shall be for the Party A’s account. 参考译文：运输途中发生的任何损失均有甲方负担。 66.英文合同关于“减价”的表达 (1)reduce/lower the price We find your quotation slightly higher than those we have received from other sources, and ask you to reduce your price to meet the competition. 参考译文：我方发现你方报价略高于我处从其他地方收到的报价，请你方降价以适应竞争。 (2)bring down/cutting down the price We have cut down our prices to cost level. 参考译文：我方已降价至成本费水平。 (3)take off/get off You can get some money off if you pay cash.用现金支付可以打折。 67.“折扣”的表达

（1）discount:从原价中折扣下来的部分 discount 30%:打七折 We usually allow 10% discount for each extra ten thousand yards. 参考译文：通常我方每增订一万码，增加10%折扣。 (2)allowance:因货损、折旧产生的减价 depciation allowance:折旧提成 rebate:回扣、折扣 price rebate:价格折扣 68.“替代”

（1）substitute A for B:A替代B we substitute the contract A for contract B. 参考译文：我方使用合同甲替代合同乙。 (2)replace B with/by A:A替代B Your party is responsible to replace the defective parts with good ones. 参考译文：你方有责任使用好的零件替代缺陷零件。 (3)A supersedes B: A替代B This Agreement and the Annexes hereto constitute the complete agreement between the parties and supersede all prior or contemporaneous agreements or repsentations, written or oral, concerning the subject matter of this Agreement. 参考译文：本合同及其附件构成双方当事人之间的完整协议，并替代所有先前的或临时的与本协议标的相关的 协议或陈述（无论是口头还是书面形式）。 69.英文合同中的“标准”

(1)standard:多用于合同中的质量、数量标准 This consignment is not up to the standard stipulated in the contract. We are now lodging a claim against you for $300 000. 参考译文：这批货物的质量不符合合同规定的标准，我方现向你方提出300 000美元的索赔。 (2)specification：多用于“规格标准” The products manufactured in this factory will not meet the National Specification. 参考译文：这个厂生产的产品将不能符合国家标准。 (3)criterion:常作为合同履行的标准 Performance criterion 70. 英文合同中的“accrue（产生的、衍生的、应计的）”

（1）In the event of termination of this Agreement by Sponsor before expiration of the project period, Sponsor shall pay all costs that the University has accrued as of the date of termination. 参考译文：如果在项目期间届满前发生由资助人终止本合同的任何事件，资助人应当向大学支付自终止日起产 生的所有费用。 (2) “Liabilities” shall mean any and all debts, liabilities and obligations, whether accrued or fixed. 参考译文：“责任”是指各种债务、责任及义务，无论其属于衍生责任还是固有责任。 71. 英文合同中“sb be subrogated to some rights of sb取代某人的（权利）地位，代位”句型

The surety who pays the principal obligation is subrogated to the rights of the creditor. 参考译文：履行主债务的保证人取得代位求偿权。 注释与说明： A.读者应当注意，这个句型并非是被动语态，而是一种以形容词短语形式出现的主动语态。也就是 说，“sb be subrogated of sb”中的第一个sb是代第二个sb之位，而并非是被代位。 B.“principal obligation”是指“主债务”。 72.英文合同中的 “assure/ensure”含义

(1)assure 保证（常用于“assure sb of sth”结构，注意“assure”后通常不能直接加“that”。） The defendant’s lawyer assured the court his client would be psent at the hearing. 参考译文：被告方律师向法院保证其当事人将出席听审。 (2)ensure 使确定（常用于“ensure that”结构） To ensure that the defendant’s appearance at the hearing, the court ordered bail set at $ 200,000. 参考译文：为确保被告出席听审，法院要求缴纳200,000美元保证金。 73.英文合同中的 “ramifications （法律后果）”

（1）Consult legal counsel if you are unsure of the legal ramifications when performing any activities outside of your personal property. 参考译文：如果为动产以外的行为时不能确定其法律后果，应咨询法律顾问的意见。 （2）The pain of porce and its ramifications are not going to go 参考译文：离婚带来的伤痛和法律后果并不会消退。 注释与说明： A.在普通英语中，“ramification”是指“分支、直流”。但在法律英语中，它的含义为“法 律上的后果”。在其他法律文件中，读者也可能时常会见到“legal ramification（法律后果）”的身影。 74. 英文合同中的“purported”含义：潜在的、拟进行的、可能的、宣称的 （1）As to agents or purported agents of the addressee, see § 52 Comment c. 关于收件人的代理人或潜在代理人，请参阅第52节评论。 （2）Even where there is no continuing relationship, a purported assignment of a right expected to arise out of a subsequent transaction may sometimes become a part of the subsequent transaction and take effect as such a part. 参考译文：即使没有长期关系，一个可能产生于其后交易的拟进行的转让有时可能成为该其后交易的一部分并 且对该部分有效。 注释与说明： A.“purported”是形容词词性，它的含义是指当事人在主观上“打算、拟”，及由此种想法做出 的对外“宣称”；但应注意的是，其客观真实情尚不能确定。 75.英文合同中的“ be entitled to contribution”句型

Three partners own equal shares in a building from which a cornice falls and injures Tom. One partner pays the demand of $3,000 for Tom 's injury; he is entitled to a contribution of $1,000 from each of his partners. 参考译文：三方按份共有一房产。如果从该建筑物跌落的榐口伤害了Tom，并且某一共有方已经向Tom支 付了3000美元赔偿金，则该共有人有权分别向其他共有人各追偿1000美元。 注释与说明： A． 本句型可理解为“有权追偿”，因为“contribution”一词在法律英语中有“平均分摊或各自出资的”含义，比如在公司法中，其常常表示“股东出资 额”。由此及彼，在合同中对履约过程中可能发生的侵权事件，如果侵权责任为连带之债，则各个侵权人应分担的连带责任也可称之为 “contribution”。 76.英文合同中常见的“救济”表达方 式：remedy/relief/settlement/redress (1) Each Party agrees to indemnify and hold harmless any other Party with respect to any loss, expense or damage (including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys' fees) which such Party suffers as a result of a breach by the indemnifying Party of its obligations hereunder and to undertake whatever action is necessary to remedy any such breach. 参考译文：各方均同意赔偿另一方因违约方违反合同义务造成的损失，开支或损害（包括但不限于合理的律师 费），并同意采取一切必要手段对该违约行为进行救济。 (2) Either Party shall be entitled to immediately proceed to file an action in any appropriate court to seek temporary or permanent injunctive or other equitable relief. 参考译文：各方均有权立即向适格法院提起诉讼，请求其发布临时或永久禁止令或其他衡平法救济。 (3)The Indemnifying Party shall not consent to entry of any judgment, or enter into any settlement, with respect to a Third Party Claim, except with the consent of the Indemnified Party. 参考译文：除经非违约方同意以外，违约方不得就第三方的权利请求同意执行判决或签订和解协议。 (4) research on right redress of aggrieved party in breach of the contract. 参考译文：关于对合同受害方权利救济问题的研究。 注释与说明： A.“file an action”：起诉 B．“temporary or permanent injunctive”：临时或永久禁令。禁令制度是普通法中的衡平法救济手段之一。 C．“aggrieved party”：违约受害方。与之相对应，“breaching party”为“违约方”。 D．“equitable relief”是指“衡平法”救济。 77.英文合同中关于“纠纷”的表 达：controversy/dispute

If the Parties have any controversy, claim or dispute arising from or otherwise relating to this Agreement, such controversy, claim or disputes shall first be submitted to the Parties' respective relationship coordinators. 参考译文：对源于本协议或与本协议相关的任何争议，权利主张或纠纷，各方当事人应首先将其提交至各自的 关系协调专员。 注释与说明: A.“controversy/dispute arising out of(from) sth”是常见的英文合同句式，表示“源于XX而引发的争议/纠纷”。 B．“sth shall be submitted to sb”表示将某事提交给某人或某机构，其中的“submit”也可以使用“render”代替。 78.英文合同中 “jurisdiction/forum/venue”的含义

Each Party irrevocably waives and agrees not to assert (by way of motion, as a defense or otherwise) in any such suit, action or proceeding, any claim that (i) it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of such court, (ii) the suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum, or (iii) the venue of the suit, action or proceeding is improper. 参考译文：各方不可撤销地放弃，并同意在下列诉讼或权利主张中不得以动议方式提出主张，如果：1、该方 不受该法院管辖的；2、诉讼向不方便法庭提起的；3、诉讼地点不合适的。 注释与说明： A．jurisdiction/forum/venue三词均与法院管辖相关。常见的含义有“司法管辖 权、管辖地、管辖法院、诉讼地点”等。 B．读者应注意本句中的累赘词现象，比如suit,action和proceeding的连用。

79.对英文合同中“fail to do”句型的理解（一般未履行义务的违约行为都可以使用“fail to”表达）

If a technological achievement accomplished by an inpidual was an assignment from the legal person or other organization with which he formerly served and was chiefly accomplished by utilizing the material and technological resources of the legal person or other organization with which he is currently serving, the rights and interests therein shall be determined in accordance with the agreement reached between the legal person or other organization with which the natural person formerly served and the one with which he is currently serving. If theyfail to reach an agreement, the two parties shall share the technological achievement reasonably in proportion to their contributions to the accomplishment thereof. 参考译文：个人完成的技术成果，属于执行原所在法人或者其他组织的工作任务，又主要利用了现在法人或者 其他组织的物质技术条件的，应当按照该自然人原所在和现所在法人或者其他组织达成的协议确认权益。不能达成协议的，根据对完成该项技术成果的贡献的大小由 双方合理分配。 注释与说明： A．“technological achievement”：技术成果 B．“the rights and interests therein”：其中的权益 C．“…share the technological achievement reasonably in proportion to their contributions to the accomplishment thereof”：根据对完成该项技术成果的贡献大小由双方合理分配 80.英文合同中的“set forth （所规定的）”

The company shall pay the supplier the price which is set forth in the purchase order. 参考译文：公司应当按照订单上的价格向供货方付款。 81.英文合同中“apply to （适用于）”

Notwithstanding the foregoing, each of the Parties shall have the right to apply to any court of competent jurisdiction for pliminary or permanent injunction or other equitable relief. 参考译文：尽管有前述条款，双方仍有权向管辖权法院申请临时禁令、永久禁令或者其它衡平法上的救济。 注释与说明 A．读者应注意，本句中由apply to扩展成为一个句型：“apply to sb for some rights”：向某人或某机关主张某权利。 82.other than 并非

Since the criminal law seeks to punish rather than to compensate, there should be something about each course of conduct defined as criminal that renders mere compensation to the victim inadequate. 参考译文：刑法的目的仅是惩罚而非补偿，因此法律规定为犯罪的行为对未造成损失的受害人亦应进行补偿。 注释与说明： A.在英文合同和其他法律英语文件中，other than也是常见词组，含义与用法与其在普通英语中的相同。 B．读者应注意本句中“render mere compensation to the victim”的使用，其实际上就等同于“compensate to the victim”。 83.英文合同中的 “regardless of（不论）”

（1）Unless you are able to do the necessary research, the cautious approach would be to make all waivers of jury trial conspicuous regardless of the law governing the contract. 除非可以进行必要的研究，否则不管合同适用何法，谨慎的途径是明示对陪审团审判的放弃。 （2）Regardless of the other party's knowledge or good faith and regardless of the fairness of the terms, the incompetent person on regaining full capacity may affirm or disaffirm the contract, or the power to affirm or disaffirm may be exercised on his behalf by his guardian or after his death by his personal repsentative. 参考译文：无论相对人是否知情与诚信，无论条款是否公平，无行为能力人在获得完全行为能力时可以确认或 撤销合同，该确认权和撤销权也可由其监护人或在其死后由其个人代表行使。 84.frauds/fraudulent 欺诈/欺诈性的

(1)The agreement is unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds. Part B's right to restitution of the $ 3000, however, is governed by the same rules as if the agreement were enforceable. 参考译文：根据反欺诈法，本协议不予执行；然而乙方获得返还3，000美元的权利仍受协议可以执行时的 规则管辖。 (2) During the term of this Agreement, unless Party A commits gross negligence, or a fraudulent act, against Party B, Party B shall not terminate this Agreement prior to its expiration date. 参考译文：在协议期间，除非甲方对乙方为重大过失或诈欺性行为，乙方不得在到期前终止协议。 85.英文合同中的 “enumeration （列明）”

The enumeration of Lender’s rights and remedies set forth in this Loan Agreement is not intended to be exhaustive. 参考译文：本贷款协议中，贷款方权利和救济的列举没有穷尽。 86.英文合同中的“redress （补救）”

In addition to Party A’s right under common law to redress for any breach or violation, Party B shall indemnify and defend Party A against all losses. 参考译文：发生违约时，除甲方享有普通法上的救济，乙方应防止并赔偿甲方所有损失。 注释与说明： A.在各中表达“救济”含义的合同英语词汇中，“redress”几乎是出现最频繁的一个。 87.英文合同中“upon” 的多种含义.

（1）与consequent连用，组成consequent upon词组，表示“因……而……” the confusion consequent upon the breach of contract. 因违约引发的困局 （2）表示“以……为条件” upon sight 见票即付 （3）按照 ①upon the institution of an ordinary lawsuit 按照通常的诉讼程序 ②Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures established within Chinese territory upon approval in accordance with the Law on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures. 参考译文：依照《中外合资经营企业法》批准在中国境内设立的中外合资经营企业 （4）在…之后立即 Upon the issuance of the capital verification report by the said accountant, the joint venture shall issue a capital contribution certificate to each party. 参考译文：在该等注册会计师出具验资报告后，合营企业应向出资各方交付出资证明书。 注释与说明： A．这里的“upon”即为“在…后立即”之意。一般而言，使用“upon”表示“在..后立即”的意 思时，大多是为了避免与前文已经使用过的“after”重复。 B．读者需要注意本句中的“said”的含义为“该等”。 88.英文合同中的“with reference to 参照”

（1）If the Copyright Law and other laws and administrative regulations provide otherwise in respect of disputes over contracts for the development, licensing or transfer of computer software, such provisions shall apply. If no such provisions exist, the general provisions of the Contract Law shall apply and matters may be handled with reference to Part Eighteen of the Contract Law and the Interptation. 参考译文：对于计算机软件发展、许可使用和转让等合同争议，著作权法及其他法律、行政法规另有规定的， 依照其规定；没有规定的，适用合同法总则的规定，并可以参照合同法第十八章和解释的相关规定处理。 注释与说明： A．除了本句中使用的“with reference to”表示“参照”外，还可以使用“as reference（作为参考）”。 B．“disputes over contracts”表示“合同纠纷”，介词使用“over”。 89.terminate/rescind/discharge/cancel 权利义务的终止或合同的解除

(1) Party A agrees not to exercise its rights to terminate the Agreement as identified in Exhibit E without prior written consent of Party B, such consent not to be unreasonably refused. 参考译文：甲方同意未经乙方事先书面许可，不得行使附件E中规定的解除权。而此种许可不应受到无理拒 绝。 (2) A defect which is less severe, however does not entitle the charter to rescind the contract, but he can claim damages for losses incurred due to the unseaworthiness of the vessel. 参考译文：承租方不能基于不甚严重的缺陷撤销合同，但他可以就因船只的不适航性而引起的损失请求损害赔 偿金。 (3) Frustration of a contract of carriage, will discharge the shipowner and the charterer or shipper from their obligations under the contract. The case-law regarding frustration however has been almost exclusively in the context of a charterparty. 参考译文：运输合同的落空解除了船东及承租方或托运人在租船合同下的义务。而相关落空的判例法内容几乎 都在租船合同的情形下。 (4)If Party A needs a personal loan and Party A uses his house as collateral for a loan, Party A generally have the right to cancel the credit transaction within three business days. 参考译文：如果甲方需要个人贷款并且使用自己的房产作为抵押物进行贷款申请，则甲方通常有权在三个营业 日内取消信用交易。 90.英文合同中的“解 释”：construe/construction interpt/interptation

(1) Nothing expssed or implied in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to give to any person or entity, other than the parties and the Party A's permitted assignees, any rights or remedies under or by reason of this Agreement. 参考译文：本协议不得以任何明示或暗示的形式解释为赋予除当事人及甲方许可的受让人之外的任何人以本协 议中的任何权利或救济。 (2) In the literature on legal drafting, a singular construction typically works better than a plural one. 参考译文：在法律起草的用语上，单数表达优于复数表达。 (3) The statutes are sometimes written in terms of psumed intention, and they are sometimes properly interpted as imposing the same legal consequences as if one of the parties to a contract had made a promise in the pscribed terms. If so, rules stated here may be applicable. 参考译文：法律有时会采取推定性的术语，并且它们时常会像合同当事人在起草合同术语时所使用的承诺一样 包含相同的法律后果。此时，此处论述的规则应当被采用。 (4) If there is no explicit promise, and no government liability, the question whether a particular claimant is an intended beneficiary is one of interptation, depending on all the circumstances of the contract. 参考译文：如果没有明示承诺，也没有政府责任，则关于一个特定的权利诉求人是否为一个受益人的问题依合 同中所有情形进行解释。 91.英文合同中的 “detriment/ detrimental （损害/损害的、有害的）” (1)The Party B should maintain control to ensure that alterations are enhancements, not detriments 参考译文：乙方应保持控制以确保该等变更是有益而无害的。 （2）The Party B will thereafter take no action detrimental to the Party A. 参考译文：乙方将因此采取对甲方无害的措施。 92.英文合同中“sb surrender(s) to sb sth（某人向某人交付某物）”的句型 The trustee(s) shall surrender to the proper officer of the Corporation the certificates of the subscribers, and shall receive for them new certificates issued to them as trustee(s) under this agreement. 参考译文：董事应当依协议向适格的公司高级管理人员交付认购证书，而且作为董事应当接受发给给他们的新 证书。 93.grant 许可（常与remedy/relief等表示法律救济的词汇连用）

（1）Where the parties have intended to make a contract and there is a reasonably certain basis for granting a remedy, the same policy supports the granting of the remedy. 参考译文：如当事人拟订立合同并且有理由进行救济授权，则同样的政策应支持该等救济授权。 （2）Special relief may sometimes be granted when uncertainty pvents full-scale enforcement through normal remedies. 参考译文：当通过正常救济手段进行全面执行被不确定因素阻止时，应当许可特别救济。 94. 英文合同中的“aggregate”表示“总计，相当于total” (1) aggregate amount of credit free from property security 参考译文：无财产担保债权总额 (2) Limits on Indemnification. No indemnification is required under Section [insert the number of the Section in which Party B agrees to indemnify Party A] until the aggregate amount of Losses [plus Litigation Expenses] exceeds [$500,000], and then only for the amount by which the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses exceeds [$500,000]. 参考译文：补偿限额。只有损失总额（加上诉讼费用）超过（500,000美元）时，才能根据第（插入乙 方同意补偿甲方的条款编号）条要求补偿，此时也只对可补偿费用中超过500，000美元）的部分进行补偿。 95. assign vt 转让（该词的名词形式assignment亦很常见）

（1）absolute assignment: an assignment in which the transfer is complete and leaves the assignor with no interest in the property or right transferred 参考译文：完全转让是指转让全部完成并且让与人未保留对财产的任何利益或权利的转让。 (2) This Agreement and any rights granted hereunder shall not be assigned by (name of the party to be prohibited from assigning; e.g. the Party B) to any inpidual, firm or corporation without the prior written consent of (name of the party to be protected; e.g. the Party A), which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld. 参考译文：（被禁止转移合同权利的当事人，比如许可合同中的乙方）除非经过（受保护的当事人，比如许可 合同中的甲方）事先书面同意，不得将本合同及本合同项下的权利转移给任何第三人（包括企业与个人），但（受保护的当事人）非有正当理由不得拒绝同意。 96. bear和assume 表示责任和义务的承担

(1) The Company shall bear and pay directly all costs and expenses (including additional interest and penalties) incurred in connection with such contest and shall indemnify the Executive. 参考译文：公司应当承担所有与该等抗辩相关的直接成本和费用（包括额外利息和罚款）并应对执行官进行补 偿。 (2) The Party A may withhold consent on any of the following grounds: the Party B is in default of an obligation of this Agreement when consent is requested, the proposed assignee cannot financially perform the Party B's obligations remaining under this Agreement, the proposed assignee refuses to assume all of the Party B's remaining obligations under this Agreement, or the proposed assignee fails to meet the Party A's standards for new Party B’s in effect at the time consent is requested. 参考译文：甲方可基于如下理由拒绝转让：在要求同意转让时，乙方违反合同义务，并且拟受让人在财力上不 能按照本协议要求履行乙方的其余义务；拟受让人拒绝承担本协议中规定的乙方的其余所有义务，或者拟受让人未能满足甲方对于新的乙方的要求。 97. award vt.做出裁决; n.仲裁裁决

（1）Any arbitration award or determination will be final, nonappealable, and conclusive, and it may be submitted to a court with jurisdiction to enter a judgment. 参考译文：仲裁裁决应当是终局性的、不得上诉的、并有约束力的，并且可以提交给同一司法区域内的法院进 行确定。 （2）adequate remedy: n. a remedy (money or performance) awarded by a court or through private action (including compromise) which affords \"complete\" satisfaction, and is \"practical, efficient and appropriate\" in the circumstances. In part this depends on what relief (like an order granting one easement over a neighbor's property or an order keeping the drunken husband away from the complaining wife) a party is seeking. 参考译文：充分救济：指法院所判决的或通过私人行为（包括和解）而取得的“完全”令人满意的、且在特定 环境下“实际、有效和适当”的救济（金钱或履行）。这部分地取决于一方所寻求的救济（如授权某人在其邻居的财产上享有地役权之命令，或应妻子要求，使酗酒 的丈夫与之远离的命令）。 98. “撤回”与“撤销”（“撤回”的表达一般用withdraw，“撤销”一般用revoke和rescind。而revoke撤销的对象一般是“要约”等单 方行为，rescind撤销的对象一般则是“合同”等共同合意）

（1）application for withdrawal of an action 参考译文：撤诉申请 （2）An offer may be revoked. The revocation notice of an offer shall reach the offeree prior to the dispatch of an acceptance notice by the offeree. 参考译文：要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。 (3)The other party may demand that the legal agent ratify the contract within one month. Where the legal agent(s) fails to manifest its intention, it shall be deemed denial to ratify the contract. Prior to ratification of the contract, the other party in good faith is entitled to rescind the contract. Rescission shall be effected by notification. 参考译文：相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被 追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。 99. “终止”与“解除”（“终止”的表达一般用terminate，“解除”的表达一般使用cancel或rescind）

（1）An invalid, cancelled or terminated contract does not influence the enforceability of any relevant disputes resolution Article which exists independently. 参考译文：合同无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。 （2）cancel a contract 撤销合同 （3）to rescind a collective contract through written agreement 参考译文：通过书面协议解除集体合同 100. 英文合同表示“有资格”的两个常见表达（“competent”和“eligible”） （1）competent authority 有权机关、主管机关 （2）the right to be eligible for public office 担任公职的权利 例：The purpose of a flexible spending account is to permit eligible employees to elect to defer part of their pay on a p-tax basis to defray the cost of their unreimbursed medical and dental care, the cost of the unreimbursed medical and dental care for their spouse and dependents and dependent care expenses. 参考译文：灵活支付帐户的目的是使符合条件的雇员可以选择延迟收取其部分税前收入，以支付其自身以及配 偶、依靠其生活的人不能被报销的医疗和牙医费用以及依靠其生活的人的照顾费。 例：If for any reason any court of competent jurisdiction shall find any provisions of this Section 15 unreasonable in duration or geographic scope or otherwise, the Executive and the Company agree that the restrictions and prohibitions contained herein shall be effective to the fullest extent allowed under applicable law in such jurisdiction. 参考译文：若任何有管辖权的法院基于任何理由而认为本第15条的任何规定在期间、地理范围或其他方面不 合理，执行官和公司同意本条所规定的限制或禁止应在该管辖区域的相关法律所许可的最大范围内保持有效。 101.英文合同中常见的“优先权”表达 （1）right of pemption （2）right of pference （3）right of priority （4）right of first refusal 注释与说明： A.这四种表达均是英文合同中常见的对优先权的表达方法。且在多数语境下，可以理解为“优先购买权。” 第 二节练习

练习要求：1 将第一节中讲解过的词汇和句型标记出来；2 对句子进行翻译 1. This intention agreement dated on the (day)of ,is signed by and between the parties as follows: XXX(hereinafter referred to as Party A),an enterprise organized under the law of PRC, its registered legal address at ( );and XXX(hereinafter referred to as Party B),an enterprise organized under the law of ( ) ,its main business office at ( ) Party A and Party B ,in this letter of intent,shall be alone called \"one party\jointly called \"parties\".

2. Now therefore, in consideration of the pmises, and the repsentations, warranties, covenants, and undertakings of the parties hereinafter set forth, and for other good and valuable consideration, the parties agree among themselves as follows.

3. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed and delivered in the psence of

4. We will instruct our bank to open an irrevocable documentary letter of credit in your favor.

5. The Party A and the Party B wish to provide for the sale by the Party B to the Party A of the Specified Assets,the stay and ultimate settlement of certain patent

infringement litigation between Parent and the Party B, and certain other related

transactions among the parties, all on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement.

6. The board of directors of the Party B has adopted a plan of dissolution (\"Plan of Dissolution\") which contemplates that the Party B will, subject to the approval of its shareholders at the Shareholders' Meeting (as defined herein), elect voluntarily to wind up and dissolve pursuant to the California Corporations Code.

7. Except as expssly set forth in the Party B Closing Certificate, each of the

repsentations and warranties made by the Party B in this Agreement is accurate in all material respects as of the Closing Date as if made on the Closing Date.

8. The Party B shall not make any payment or settlement offer with respect to any such demand unless the Party B shall first have notified the Party A in writing of such payment or settlement offer.

9. Notwithstanding and without pjudice to any other remedies and powers herein

contained or otherwise available to the Party A if the rents hereby reserved or any part

thereof shall be unpaid for twenty one days after becoming payable (whether formally demanded or not) or if any covenant on the Party B’s part or condition herein contained shall not be observed or performed or if the Party B for the time being hereunder being a Company shall go into liquidation whether compulsory or voluntary (save for the purpose of reconstruction or amalgamation) or pass a

resolution for winding up (save as aforesaid) or suffer a Receiver to be appointed or being an inpidual or being more than one inpidual any one of them shall have a Receiving Order made against him or become bankrupt or if the Party B or if there shall be more than one Party B any of them shall enter into composition with his or their creditors then and in any such case it shall be lawful for the Party A at any time thereafter to re-enter upon the Demised pmises or any part thereof in the name of the whole and thereupon this demise shall absolutely determine but without pjudice to any right of action or remedy of either party in respect of any breach non-observance or non-performance of any of the covenants of the other or any conditions herein contained.

10. In the event that the Party A makes a Post-Closing Advance to the Party B, the number of shares of Parent Common Stock constituting the Stock

Consideration shall be reduced automatically (and without any action on the part of any party) by the number of shares equal to the quotient determined by piding (1) the amount of the Post-Closing Advance by (2) $50.00.

11. From and after the Closing Date, the Party B shall cooperate with the Party A and their affiliates and Repsentatives, and shall execute and deliver such documents and take such other actions as the Party A may reasonably request, for the purpose of

evidencing the Transactions and putting the Party A in possession and control of all of the Specified Assets.

12. Except as otherwise expssly provided herein, Party A grants to Party B, to share in common with Party A, all of Party A’s rights, benefits, and interests with respect to the Sublet pmises, and Party B agrees to accept from Party A and hereby assumes all of Party A’s obligations and burdens under the Prime Lease with respect to the Sublet pmises, as if all of such rights and obligations were set forth herein in their entirety, provided that the terms and conditions hereof shall be controlling whenever the terms and conditions of the Prime Lease are contradictory to or inconsistent with the terms and conditions hereof, and provided further that those provisions of the Prime Lease which are protective and for the benefit of the Landlord shall in this Sublease be deemed to be protective and for the benefit of the Landlord and Party A.

13. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event will any portion of the Stock

Consideration become payable unless and until the Party A is satisfied that the Party B shall have first paid in full or otherwise provided for (in a manner satisfactory to the Party A) all Liabilities of the Party B Corporations that are not included among the Designated Contractual Obligations.

14. Contemporaneously with the execution hereof, the Party B has agreed to stay the Party B Pending Litigation, and Parent has agreed to stay the Parent Pending

Litigation, pursuant to and by executing and filing with the court the Stay Order. 15. After the expiration of the applicable waiting period under the XXX Act and the satisfaction or waiver of the other conditions to the Closing set forth herein. 16. The parties hereto shall execute and deliver the Assignment and Assumption Agreement.

17. None of the Party B SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) Documents contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. 18. The Party B has never received any notice or other communication that any of the Party B Proprietary Assets, or its use or ownership thereof, infringed upon,

misappropriated or made unlawful use of, any Proprietary Asset owned or used by any other Person.

19. The Party B has delivered to Parent accurate and complete copies of all Party B Contracts, including all amendments thereto.

20. Party A shall provide an accurate and complete breakdown and aging of the accounts payable of the Party B Corporations as of July 31, 2000.

21. This Agreement constitutes the legal, valid and binding obligation of the Party B, enforceable against the Party B in accordance with its terms.

22. Except for the stay of the Party B Pending Litigation and the Parent Pending Litigation pursuant to the Stay Order, the Party B Corporations do not commence or settle any Proceeding.

23. The Party B shall ensure that all proxies solicited in connection with the Shareholders' Meeting are solicited in compliance with all applicable Legal Requirements.

24. The Transactional Agreements set forth the entire understanding of the parties relating to the subject matter thereof and supersede all prior agreements and

understandings among or between any of the parties relating to the subject matter

thereof, including without limitation that certain letter regarding confidentiality and nonsolicitation of employees from the Party B to Parent dated November 20, 2000, which shall be deemed to have been terminated as of the date of this Agreement and shall be of no further force or effect.

25. Either Party A or Party B will be entitled to postpone the Closing for a period of not more than twenty (20) Business Days until such condition or conditions will have been met.

26. If an Event of Default occurs, Party A may at its option immediately or at any time thereafter exercise any one or more of the remedies provided in the Prime Lease with respect to a default thereunder by Party A.

27. The Party B shall cause to be sold, assigned, transferred, conveyed and delivered to the Party A, at the Closing (as defined in Section 1.9), good and valid title to the Specified Assets (as defined below), free and clear of any Encumbrances, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement.

28. \"Encumbrance\" shall mean any lien, pledge, hypothecation, charge, mortgage, security interest, encumbrance, equity, trust, equitable interest, claim, pference, right of possession, lease, tenancy, license, encroachment, covenant, infringement,

interference, Order, proxy, option, right of first refusal, pemptive right, community property interest, legend, defect, impediment, exception, reservation, limitation,

impairment, imperfection of title, condition or restriction of any nature (including any restriction on the transfer of any asset, any restriction on the receipt of any income derived from any asset, any restriction on the use of any asset and any restriction on the possession, exercise or transfer of any other attribute of ownership of any asset). 29. Party A shall be responsible for paying the brokerage commission due to XXX, Inc. (the “Broker”) in connection with this Sublease.

30. Any Liability that is inconsistent with or constitutes an inaccuracy in, or that arises or exists by virtue of any Breach of, (x) any repsentation or warranty made by the Party B in any of the Transactional Agreements, or any covenant or obligation of the Party B contained in any of the Transactional Agreements.

31. Banks have no obligation to take any action in respect of the goods to which a documentary collection relates, including storage and insurance of the goods even when specific instructions are given to do so. Banks will only take such action if, when, and to the extent that they agree to do so in each case, notwithstanding the provisions of sub-article 1 (c), this rule applies even in the absence of any specific advice to this effect by the collecting bank.

32. OTHER CONDITIONS PERTAINING TO THE FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION

33. Provided, however, that the Company shall bear and pay directly all costs and expenses (including additional interest and penalties) incurred in connection with such contest and shall indemnify the Executive, on an after-tax basis, for any Excise Tax or income tax (including interest and penalties with respect thereto) imposed as result of such repsentation and payment of costs and expenses.

34. During the term of this Agreement, and for a one year period after the Date of Termination by the Company or the Executive for any reason, the Executive shall not, in any manner, directly or indirectly, (i) solicit any client or prospective client of the Company or its affiliates to whom the Executive provided services, or for whom the Executive transacted business, or whose identity became known to the Executive in connection with the Executive’s employment with the Company or its affiliates to transact business with a competing business or reduce or refrain from doing any

business with the Company or its affiliates, (ii) interfere with or damage (or attempt to interfere with or damage) any relationship between the Company or its affiliates and any such client or prospective client, or (iii) solicit or hire any person who at such time is, or who within the past six months was, an employee of the Company or its affiliates to apply for or accept employment with any competing business.

35. Nothing in this Agreement pvents or limits the Executive's participation in any Plan for which the Executive may qualify or shall impair any rights that the Executive may have under any other contract or agreement with the Company or any Subsidiary.

36. The Applicant declares that it has started the Project on October 15th, 2000 and undertakes to complete it no later than October 14th, 2002.

37. The Company recognizes that the possibility of a change in control may arise and that such possibility may result in the departure or distraction of management personnel to the detriment of the Company and its members.

38. To the extent permitted by applicable law, Party B hereby waives any rights now or hereafter conferred by statute or otherwise which may require Party A to sell, lease or otherwise use any Equipment in mitigation of Party A's damages as set forth in this Section 19 or may otherwise limit or modify any of Party A's rights or remedies under this Section 19.

39. It has been advised by counsel in the negotiation, execution and delivery of this Agreement.

40. To the extent permitted by law, each company hereby waives all rights to a

judicial hearing of any kind prior to the exercise by the bank of its rights to possession of the collateral without judicial process or of its rights to replevy, attach, or levy upon the collateral without prior notice or hearing.

41. In each case where facts exist which may give rise to a Claim for which there may be a right of indemnification pursuant to Sections 6.1 Party A shall give written notice thereof to the Party A, and Party A shall promptly deliver to the Party A a rapport about the breach of the Agreement or warranty or a copy of all correspondence, notices or other written communications received by it in respect of any third party Claim.

42. This Agreement may not be transferred or assigned to a third party, except with the Society's prior written consent which shall not be unreasonably withheld.

43. Remedies Not Exclusive. Except as may be otherwise provided in this Agreement, the rights or remedies of the Parties hereunder are not exclusive and either Party shall be entitled alternatively or cumulatively to, subject to the other provisions of this

Agreement, claim damages for breach, an order requiring specific performance of any other remedy available at law or in equity.

44. In case of default of the Applicant, the Society must first notify the Applicant it Is in default and allows the Applicant a thirty (30) business day remedy period. 45. The Company will be obligated under the pceding sentence even if the Executive is not successful in any enforcement claim or counterclaim by him, or in any such tax contest or defense, so long as he acted in good faith.

46. The arbitration shall be subject to the Federal Arbitration Act and conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules to the extent that they do not conflict with this Section.

47. The indemnity, release, hold harmless, defend and protect obligations assumed in Article XX shall apply in respect of the full liability of the indemnitee for claims, notwithstanding the indemnitee may be entitled to contribution thereto from any other person and notwithstanding such liability may relate to negligence of a third party, provided in such event the indemnifying party shall be fully subrogated to the rights of the indemnitee against such third party.

48. In case of default of the Applicant, the Society must first notify the Applicant it Is in default and allows the Applicant a thirty (30) business day remedy period. If the Applicant remedies the situation in a reasonable manner within this remedy period, then the default modification will become null and void.

49. If any provision of this Agreement is or becomes invalid or unenforceable, that provision (to the extent invalid or unenforceable) shall be deemed amended or

reformed to the extent required to render it valid and enforceable, and the remainder of this Agreement shall be unaffected and shall continue in effect.

50. The following definitions are applicable to the Contract. Words importing the singular only also include the plural and words importing person(s) include corporation and vice versa, where the context requires.

51. Unless it advises otherwise, the Applicant hereby agrees to make a public

announcement by way of a pss release describing the name, the address, the type of business, the estimated cost of the Project, the amount and the type of the loan as well as a brief description of the Project.

52. No term or provision of this Lease may be changed, waived, discharged or terminated orally, but only by an instrument in writing signed by the party against which the enforcement of the change, waiver, discharge or termination is sought. To the extent that payments hereunder do constitute interest, the parties agree that any interest to be paid the Party A shall in no contingency exceed the maximum amount permissible under applicable law.

53. Nothing in this Agreement will impair Company's right to acquire, license, develop for itself, or have others develop for it, similar technology performing the same or similar functions as the technology contemplated by this Agreement, or to market and distribute such similar technology in addition to, or in lieu of, the Product and its Derivative Works.

54. If for any reason any court of competent jurisdiction shall find any provisions of this Section 15 unreasonable in duration or geographic scope or otherwise, the Executive and the Company agree that the restrictions and prohibitions contained herein shall be effective to the fullest extent allowed under applicable law in such jurisdiction.

55. If by law any such registration, license fee or tax is billed to Party A, Party B, at its expense, will do any and all things required to be done by Party A in connection with the licensing or registration procedure and the levy or assessment of any tax, including the billing or payment thereof. Upon request, Party B shall provide Party A with proof of payment of any such fee or tax.

56. During the term of this Lease, Party B shall furnish Party A with annual financial statements within one hundred twenty (120) days after the end of Party B's fiscal year, and Party B shall provide Party A such other financial information as Party A may from time to time request.

57. At Party A's option, all cash proceeds or cash equivalents from such warranty recovery may be used to repair or replace the Equipment. Party B shall continue to pay rent to Party A as specified in this Lease, notwithstanding any claim for breach of warranty.

58. Party B shall become insolvent or bankrupt or make an assignment for the benefit of creditors or consent to the appointment of a trustee or receiver,or a trustee or

receiver shall be appointed for Party B or for a substantial part of its property without its consent and shall not be dismissed for a period of thirty (30) days, or bankruptcy, reorganization or insolvency proceedings shall be instituted by or against Party B and, if instituted against Party B shall not be dismissed for a period of thirty (30) days, or Party B dies, is dissolved, terminates its existence or its business is discontinued.

59. Recover damages for the breach of this Lease or to rescind this Lease as to any or all Equipment.

60. Party B shall pay all costs required to repair all damage to, or alter, the Equipment or any accessories, or to make the Equipment conform to any federal, state or municipal requirements.

61. Party A shall be entitled to pursue any remedy available to it under this Lease until Party B has rendered complete performance of all obligations under this Lease.

62. a decision must be rendered within 10 business days of the parties’ closing statements.

63. The Executive shall not, at any time during the first year after that termination of employment anywhere in the Restricted Territory, directly or indirectly engage in any activity which, or any activity for any enterprise or entity a material part of the

business of which, is competitive with the business conducted, or proposed during his employment with the Company to be conducted, by the Company.

64. A party instructing another party to perform services shall be bound by and liable to indemnify the instructed party against all obligations and responsibilities imposed by foreign laws and usages.

65. \"Acquiring Person\" means any Person (other than an Excluded Person) who or which, alone or together with all Affiliates and Associates of that Person, is the Beneficial Owner of 25% or more of the Voting Securities of the Company then outstanding.

66. A guaranty is a contract under which one person agrees to pay a debt or perform a duty if the other person who is bound to pay the debt or perform the duty fails to do so. Usually, the party receiving the guaranty will first try to collect or obtain performance from the debtor before trying to collect from the one making the guaranty (guarantor).

67. Reimbursement occurs in many contexts and is governed by federal, state, and local laws, as well as contract law. Reimbursement may be partial or full payment of expenses incurred. Reimbursement payments may be taxable depending on applicable laws.

68. The purpose of a flexible spending account is to permit eligible employees to elect to defer part of their pay on a p-tax basis to defray the cost of their unreimbursed

medical and dental care, the cost of the unreimbursed medical and dental care for their spouse and dependents and dependent care expenses.

69. Nonconforming: failing to conform or comply (as with contract requirements or specifications or a law).

70.(1) accrued income

(2) accrued commission receivable (3) accrued assets

71. You also certify that you are wholly liable for any false disclosures, and responsible for any legal ramifications that may arise from reading, viewing or downloading of images or material contained within this website.

72. Any such purported assignment or transfer shall be deemed a breach of this Agreement and shall be null and void.

73. adequate remedy: n. a remedy (money or performance) awarded by a court or through private action (including compromise) which affords \"complete\" satisfaction, and is \"practical, efficient and appropriate\" in the circumstances. In part this depends on what relief (like an order granting an easement over a neighbor's property or an order keeping the drunken husband away from the complaining wife) a party is seeking.

74. In recent years, there has been much controversy over adoption by single parents, including gays and lesbians, with the tendency toward allowing such adoptions, provided all other criteria beneficial to the child are met.

75. This provision gives the Government the right to default the contract without prior notice only in cases where the contractor has failed to deliver supplies within the schedule specified in the contract or within any extensions thereof.

76. The Government may, subject to the provisions of paragraph (c) of this article, by written notice of default to the contractor, terminate the whole or any part of the contract in any one of the following circumstances:

77. Party A shall have the right, upon default under the lease or other cessation of operation at the accepted site, to make the modifications and alterations to the Franchised Unit set forth in Section 16.01.D. of the Franchise Agreement.

78. All requirements related to the Manual herein shall apply to the English-language version and the foreign-language version of the Manual.

79. Except as has been expssly provided to the contrary herein, nothing in this

Agreement is intended, nor shall be deemed, to confer upon any person or legal entity other than Developer, Party A, Party A's officers, directors, and employees, and such of Developer's and Party A's permitted and Party A's respective successors and assigns, any rights or remedies under or by reason of this Agreement. 80. Regardless of which provision the Government invokes, it was the burden of proving that it acted properly in terminating a contract.

81. Contracts for the sale of the Goods are concluded only upon dispatch of the acknowledgement by Party B of the order.

82. These Terms and Conditions and/or the Contract and/or the giving of technical assistance or other information by Party B shall not grant to, convey or confer upon Party A or Party A's customer or upon anyone claiming under Party A a licence, expss or implied, under any patent rights, copyrights, trade marks, registered designs or other intellectual property rights of Party B covering or relating to any combination, machine or process in which the Goods might be or are used or for any product of which the Goods might form part.

83. The contractor disputes this final decision to terminate the contracts for default. 84. The failure of Originator to satisfy any of the foregoing conditions pcedent,

however, shall give rise to a right of Party A to rescind the related purchase and direct Originator to pay to Party A an amount equal to the Purchase Price payment that shall have been made with respect to any Receivables related thereto.

85. This Guaranty shall terminate upon the termination or expiration of the

Development Agreement, except that all obligations and liabilities of the Undersigned which arose from events which occurred on or before the effective date of such termination shall remain in full force and effect until satisfied or discharged by the Undersigned, and all obligations which by their terms continue in force after the

expiration or termination of the Development Agreement shall remain in force according to their terms.

86. This Guaranty shall be interpted and construed in accordance with the applicable law and dispute resolution provisions of Sections XIX and XX of the Development Agreement.

87. Each Franchised Unit for which a development right is granted hereunder shall be established and operated pursuant to a Franchise Agreement to be entered into between Developer and Party A in accordance with Section 3.01. hereof.

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