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英汉语言差异7_conv

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英汉语言差异7

静态与动态

Stative vs. Dynamic

英语倾向于多用名词,因而叙述呈现静态;

汉语倾向于多用动词,因而叙述呈现动态。

英语中,因为名词多,所以和名词有关的形容词,介词很发达;

汉语中,因为动词多,所以和动词有关的副词很发达。

英语的静态倾向,主要表现在一下几个方面:

一 名词化 nominalization 是英语常见的现象。

二 用名词来表示施事者,以代替动词。

三用名词代替形容词,构成标题式短语Headline phrase。

四名词优势造就介词优势

五动词的弱化与虚化

六用形容词和副词来表达动词的意义

一 名词化 nominalization 是英语常见的现象。

名词化主要是指用名词来表达施与动词或者形容词所要表达的概念,例如:用名次来表达动作,行为,变化,状态,品质,情感等等概念。

这种名词有时可以使得表达简洁,造句灵活,行文自然,也便于表达比较复杂的思想内容。

Eg:医生迅速到达,并非常仔细地检查了病人,因此病人很快就康复了。

通常这样翻译:

The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.

为什么副词这么多?

可否使得句子structure简单一点:

The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.

几个主语?几个谓语呢?宾语呢?

二 用名词来表示施事者,以代替动词

英语除了用抽象名词表达行为和动作等概念以外,还常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词来代替动词。大量由动词派生出来的名词既是施事者,又保留原有的动词的意义。这类名词常常与前置的形容词构成静态结构:

工作勤奋的人

走路很慢的人

惯偷

晕船的人

A hard worker= someone who works hard

A slow walker=someone who walks slowly

A good thief= someone who thieves well

A bad sailor= someone who often gets seasick

这类以er,or结尾的名词,常含有原来动词的意思。

他能吃能睡。

他是个下笔飞速的年轻人。

他不抽烟。

在我认识的人当中,她最记仇。

过去我有点胡思乱想。

你今天老是看着钟表等着下班。

他失业以后,变得不合群了。

他是个聪明人,很好相处,但是学习不用功。

He is a good eater and a good sleeper.

He is a young and rapid writer.

He was a nonsmoker.

She is the best hater I have ever known.

I used to be a bit of fancier.

You are a clock-watcher today.

Since he lost his job, he became a loner.

He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student.

三用名词代替形容词,构成标题式短语Headline phrase

名词连用的短语结构简单,表达方便,词数少但是信息量大,在现代英语追求简洁的趋势下,是很常见的结构。

Eg:

黄金储备

中美贸易回顾会谈开始

代沟

保持优美身材的问题

(因种族和性别而异的)就业机会歧视

航天飞机试飞计划

计算机编程教学方法手册

Gold reserve

Sino-American Trade Review Talks Start

Generation gap

Figure control problem

Job opportunity discrimination

Space shuttle flight test program

Computer programming teaching device manual

这种名词连用的短语也会出现歧义:

British history teacher

A small car factory

An old man’s bike

因此要想好再用。

四名词优势造就介词优势

现代英语中名词大量使用,甚至代替形容词,所以介词必然大量使用。有的学者甚至把英语叫“介词的语言”。这样,英语的静态倾向更加显着了。Eg:

他在读书。

有人给他撑腰。

机器在运行。

这趟火车开往芝加哥吗?

说完这些话,她就走开了。

他们立刻出发追击敌人。

He is at his books.

He got someone behind him.

The machine is in operation.

It this train for Chicago?

With these words, she went away.

“名词+介词“的优势常见于大量的弱式短语,这类短语往往弱化,淡化dilute原来索要表达的动词,形容词和其他词语的意义,使得叙述迂回曲折circumlocution,增强了静态感。Eg:

Arouse=give rise to

meet= make contact with

Decide = arrive at a decision

Finish = bring to a conclusion

Study = undertake a study of

Consider = take into consideration

Allow =afford an opportunity to

Experiment = carry out experiments

Investigate = conduct an investigation into

Kind= of a kindly nature

Unusual = of an unusual character

Certain = beyond the shadow of a doubt

Because = due to the fact that

这种传统的英语表达方法,有时候显得做作,啰嗦,累赘,缺乏生气,因此不必强求学会这样的写法,也可以使用简单平易,活泼具体,直截了当的动词,减少静态的倾向。

五 动词的弱化和虚话

英语中由几个动词,虽然是动词,但是却含有动作以为很弱---be, have,become, grow, feel, go, come,get, do等等。

Eg:

今天有暴雨。There is heavy rain today.

天变冷了。It becomes cold.

六 用形容词和副词代替动词的意义。

英语常用动词的同源形容词与弱化动词相结合的方法来表达动词的意义。尤其是表示心理感觉或生理感觉得形容词常用。

Eg :

我怀疑他是否还活着。

学生合作得很好,老师表示感谢。

医生同情他的病人。

邮递员不怕狗。

他当时不知道我在场。

I am doubtful whether he is still alive.

The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative.

The doctor felt sympathetic with his patient.

A postman is not afraid of dogs.

He was unaware of my presence,

有的副词也可以这样用的:

他很快会回来的。

他将半小时内到家。

报纸六点付印。

破旧立新。

He will be back soon.

He will be home in 30 minutes.

The newspaper is down at six.

Down with the old and up with the new.

与英语相比,汉语则倾向使用大量的动词,动态倾向表现在:

一 动词连用在汉语中很常见。

二 动词(词组)可以充当句子的各个成分。

三 汉语动词常常重叠或者重复。

一动词连用在汉语中很常见。

他想办法摆脱困境。

我们请她唱歌。

你去教室把他叫来。

我被老师叫到办公室作检讨。

He thought his way out of the dilemma.

We asked her to sing.

Go to the classroom and call him back.

I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.

二 动词(词组)可以充当句子的各个成分。

实现理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。(作主语,宾语)

解决问题的最好办法是进行调查研究。(作定语,表语)

他不停来回走动,激动得说不出话来。(作状语,补语)

革命不是请客吃饭。(作表语)

他们喜欢乘火车旅行。(作宾语)

To translate ideals into reality needs hard work.

The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigation.

He kept on walking back and forth, being too excited to say a single word.

Revolution is not a dinner party.

They enjoy traveling by train.

三 汉语动词常常重叠或者重复。

汉语中动词重复或者重叠,以及相关的排比,对偶,可以明显加强汉语动态感。但是,英语中很少这样重复的。

来的来,去的去。

说说笑笑,跑跑跳跳,孩子们过得非常愉快。

学问学问,要学要问;边学边问,才有学问。

Some come here and others go away.

Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.

Acquisition for knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation.

英译汉,”静态转动态“

You will have my support and loyalty.

汉译英, ”动态转静态“

火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

我会支持你,效忠你。

Rockets have found application for the explanation of the universe.

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