一、导读教材
完成式 to have written to have been written 1 不定式的功用
2.不定式的几点特殊用法
3..测试要点：不定式的完成式、进行式和被动式的用法
不定式的独立结构
在使役动词后作宾语补足语的不定式不带to
感官动词后面的宾语用不带to的(在被动式后作主语补足语时要加to)
二、教师点拨
The film star Ann Wilson is the 34th actress to play this part on the London stage. 影星安·黛尔逊是伦敦舞台上扮演这个角色的第34个女演员。（to play后接宾语）
4．动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的特性：在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
（1）To learn a foreign language is not easy. 学外语不容易。（主语）
（2）They begin to read and write.（宾语） 他们开始读和写。
（3）We often heard him sing.（宾补） 我们常常听他唱歌。
（4）To the doctor, the most important thing was to save lives.（表语） 对于医生，最重要的事是救命。 （5）He stopped to have a look.（状语） 他停下来看一看。 (二)不定式的功用
不定式在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾补。 1．作主语
（1）To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
现在英语中，更为普遍的是用it来开始一个句子，作形式主语，而把真正的主语动词不定式（或短语）放在后面。如
（2）It’s good to see all my teachers and friends again. 再见到所有的老师和朋友真好。
被动语态 to be written 1
(一)动词不定式（The Infinitive）的形式和性质
1．不定式有两种形式：带to的不定式（to＋动词原形）和不带to的不定式（动词原形）。动词不定式（或不定式短语）没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能作谓语。
（1）He said he had an important meeting to attend. 他说他有重要的会议要参加。（带to的不定式） （2）The boss made his men work all day long. 老板让他的工人整天工作。（不带to的不定式） 2．不定式的否定形式由not＋动词不定式构成。 （1）Tell him not to be late. 告诉他别迟到。
（2）The policeman told the boys not to play football in the street. 警察让这些男孩们不要在街上踢球。 3．动词不定式具有动词的特点： （1）有时和语态的变化。
（2）有自己的宾语和状语，动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如：to read the newspaper
不定式时式和语态的变化，以write为例：
一般式 进行式
主动语态 to write to be writing （3）It’s been a pleasure to be able to help you. 能够帮助你是一种荣幸。 2．作宾语
（1）She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 当我路过的时候她假装没看见我。
（2）不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语。如
I find it interesting to work with him. 3．宾语补足语
He asked me to do the work with him. 他要求我与他一起工作。 4．表语
My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。
5．状语，表目的、原因、结果或条件。 （1）I came here to see you.（目的） 我来这儿看你。
（2）He hurried to the school to find nobody there.（结果） 他匆忙地赶到学校结果发现没人在那儿。 6．定语
（1）The farmers thought of ways to protect their trees. 农夫想出了保护树的方法。
（2）Do you have anything to say for yourself? 你有什么要为自己说的吗？ (三) 不定式的几点特殊用法
1．只能接不定式做宾语的动词（短语）
ask, demand（要求）, plan, intend, manage, try one’s best, make an attempt（努力）,learn（学习）, wish, hope, desire, expect, long, want, would like, should like, would prefer（希望，愿意）, agree, promise, decide, determine, choose, make a decision, make up one’s mind, offer（主动提出）, apply（申请）,fail
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（不能，没有）,prepare, pretend, refuse, happen, afford等。如
例1．We agreed _____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.（全国卷） A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met 答案：C。agree只能接不定式，在谓语动词之后发生，用一般式。 2．表示未实现的愿望或打算的10个动词（短语）
表示“本打算/想/希望做某事”但事实上却没做的事情，用plan, intend, mean, want, hope, wish, expect等动词的过去完成时，加不定式的一般式；或者这类动词的一般过去时，加不定式的完成式；was /were, would /should like加不定式的完成式；was /were going＋不定式的一般式。即：
plannedplannedintendedintendedmeantmeanthadwanted+todo wantedtohavedonehopedhoped wishedwishedexpectedexpectedwas/werewas/weregoingtodotohavedonewould/shouldlike例2．I would love _____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.（全国卷）
A．to go B．to have gone C．going D．having gone 答案：B would love to have done 3．不带to的不定式
（1）在感观动词feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch及使役动词have, let, make等词后的补足语的主动语态的句子中，不定式不带to.
例3．Though he had often made his little sister ______, today he was made _____ by his little sister.（全国卷）
A．cry, to cry B．crying, crying C．cry, cry D．to cry, cry 答案：A make sb. do, 但被动态中to不可省略。
（2）不定式动词在介词but, except, besides, than, about后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do“做„„”的各种形式，则后面的不定式不带to，否则要带to.
She could do nothing but cry. What would you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go. She thought of no other way out than to cheat. 4．不定式作定语时的介词问题
（1）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：
She is looking for a room to live in. Please give me a knife to cut with. （2）不定式修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。如He had no place to live.
5．不定式的语态问题
不定式在句中用主动还是被动，看它与所修饰的名词或代词的关系：若名词为动作发出者用主动；若为承受者用被动。
（1）不定式用主动表示被动的句型：主＋be＋adj.＋to do。如：The box is heavy to carry. He is hard to talk to.
（2）同时满足下列条件不定式用主动：a）不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的主谓关系。b）不定式与所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系。如
He needs a room to live in.
此句满足（a）Who live in? He逻辑主谓关系
（b）What does he live in? A room逻辑动宾关系，故不定式用主动。 6．不定式的复合结构
（1）构成：It is /was＋adj.＋for /of sb. to do sth. （2）用介词for sb.还是of sb？
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一般情况下多用for sb. to do sth.但若句子可以改成sb. is＋adj.＋to do则用of sb. to do sth. 如It’s very kind of you to help me.=You are very kind to help me. 7．疑问词＋不定式结构
“疑问词（why除外）＋不定式”相当于一个名词性从句，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语等。如：
例4．It’s said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows ______.（03′全国） A．it what to do with B．what to do it with C．what to do with it D．to do what with it 答案：C
8．不定式的独立成份
此成份与句子在语法上关系并不十分密切，常用逗号隔开。用来表示说话人对说话的内容所持的态度。如：
to tell the truth说实话；to make things worse 情况更糟的是；to begin /start with首先
三、典例分析
[例1] (07江苏35)My parents have always made me ______ about myself, even when I was twelve. A．feeling well B．feeling good C．feel well D．feel good [答案]D
[题根法解读]感观动词后接不带to的不定式做宾补.
[例2] (07全国卷I 25) —The last one __________________ pays the meal. —Agreed!
A．arrived B．arrives C．to arrive D．arriving [答案]A
[题根法解读]有序数词修饰名词或代词,其后用不定式做定语.
[例3].(07浙江9)The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ______. A．to be heard B．to have heard C．hearing D．being heard [答案]A
[题根法解读]不定式的被动式用做状语.
[例4] (07重庆28.)Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)______birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought C. had said to buy D. has said to have bought
[答案] B
[题根法解读]S + be said to do结构.
[例5]While watching television, _______.（05′全国卷）
A．the doorbell rang B．the doorbell rings
C．we heard the doorbell ring D．we heard the doorbell rings [答案]C
[题根法解读]分词逻辑主语是“人”故除A、B。感观动词hear＋宾语＋不带to的不定式，意思是
“听见„„”；而hear＋that从句意思是“听说”。
[例6]It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ______ a look at the
sports stars.（05′上海）
A．had B．having C．to have D．have [答案]C
[题根法解读]不定式表目的。
[例7]All these gifts must be mailed immediately ______ in time for Christmas.（05′辽宁） A．in order to have received B．in order to receive C．so as to be received D．so as to be receiving [答案]C
[题根法解读]不定式作目的状语，其逻辑主语all these gifts为动作承受者，故用不定式被动式。 [例8] You were silly not _____ your car.（04′湖南）
A．to lock B．to have locked C．locking D．having locked [答案]B
[题根法解读]此句可改为It was silly of you not to have locked your car.
[例9]The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _____ the film stars had left.（04′福建）
A．to tell B．to be told C．telling D．told [题根法解读]B。only to do作结果状语。
[例10]I don’t know whether you happen ______, but I’m going to study in the USA this September.（04辽宁）
A．to be heard B．to be hearing C．to hear D．to have heard [答案]D
[题根法解读]考查不定式的时态和语态，主动态的完成式。
四、课后练习 1．（2003上海春季，38）She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ______in making the earth a better place to live.
A．to have played B．to play C．to be played D．to be playing 2．（NMET 2002，32）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it.
A．to see B．to be seen C．seeing D．seen
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3．（NMET 2002北京，34）－How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
－The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand _____ by the customers. A．to solving, making B．to solving; made C．to solve; making D．to solve; made 4．（2002上海，25）In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are string ______ their products more competitive.
A．to make B．making C．to have made D．having made 5．（2002上海，30）Quite a few people used to believe that disaster ______ if a mirror was broken. A．was sure of striking B．was sure of having stuck C．was sure to be struck D．was sure to strike 6．（2002上海春季，32）In order to make our city green, ______. A．it is necessary to have planted more trees B．many more trees need to plant C．our city needs more trees D．we must plant more trees 7．（2002上海春季，37）With a lot of difficult problems______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A．settled B．settling C．to settle D．being settled 8．（2001上海，28）Finding her car stolen, ______.
A．a policeman was asked to help B．the area was searching thoroughly C．it was looked for everywhere D．she hurried to a policeman for help 9．（2001上海，29）Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ______ everything. A．to tell B．to be told C．to be telling D．to have been told 10．（NMET 2001北京春季，21）______late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A．To sleep B．Sleeping C．Sleep D．Having sleep 11．（2001上海春季，34）In order to improve English, ______ . A．Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes B．Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself C．a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny
D．a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father 12．（NMET 2000，19）I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ______ in my new job. A．expected B．to expect C．to be expecting D．expects 13．（NMET 2000，22）The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year. A．carry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out 14．（NEMT 1999，14，NMET 1999广东省，26）Robert is said ______ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A．to have studied B．to study
C．to be studying D．to have been studying
15．（1999上海，17）There are five pairs ______, but I’m at a loss which to buy. A．to be chosen B．to choose from C．to choose D．for choosing
答案与解析：
1．B（have a role to do sth.具有做某事的作用） 2．B（这是一个主语从句。It作形式主语，whether they will enjoy it作真正的主语。remain后接to do
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sth.作表语。see与主语从句是动宾关系，所以要用to be seen作remains的表语。）
3．B（to放在key的后面作介词，后接动名词；过去分词短语made by the customers作demand的定语。make与demand是动宾关系，要用过去分词。）
4．A（动词不定式作目的状语，表示努力的目的。为了在国际市场上取得更大的份额，许多国有公司正努力使自己的产品具有竞争性。）
5．D（动词不定式表示将要发生的事，就要„„。be＋形容词后接不定式的一般式，不用被动式。如：The problem is difficult for us to work out.我们很难做出这个问题。） 6．D（In order to make our city green是目的状语，其逻辑主语是we。）
7．C（所提供的情境the newly-elected president is having a hard time说明新任总统现在和将来都有难以解决的问题，要用to settle作定语。）
8．D（根据逻辑主语作出正确的判断。该题中Finding her car stolen的逻辑主语是she。）
9．D（tell是及物动词，后面要接宾语。在这个句子中，tell后面没有宾语，要用动词不定式的被动式。知道了一切事情发生在告诉真象之前，要用动词不定式的完成式。）
10．A（To sleep late in the afternoon作目的状语。为了在下午多睡一会，鲍勃关闭了闹钟。）
11．B（In order to improve English在句子中作目的状语，它的逻辑主语要和句子的主语（Jenny）一致。）
12．B（疑问词＋动词不定式在句子中作宾语。）
13．C（plan后接定语从句。在定语从句中，关系代词that指代plan作谓语动词see的宾语，表示被动，要用过去分词短语carried out作宾补。） 14．A（动词不定式的完成时表示过去发生的事。所提供的情境what country he studied in表明Robert过去曾在某个国家学习过，要填to have studied。）
15．B（动词不定式to choose from作定语。所提供的情境but I’m at a loss which to buy表明有五双可供选择，而不是选择五双，要在to choose后加介词from。有五双可供选择，我拿不定主意买哪一双。）
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