In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objectivere searchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.
主干识别：facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers 其他成分：In theidealized version of how science is done 状语 who usethe scientific method to carry out their work. 翻译点拨：词汇的处理： Idealized理想的
Version 版本 （这里可以处理为“情况，状况”） facts about the world 关于世界的事实 carry out 进行，从事 成分的点拨：
先翻译状语： In the idealized version of how science is done 直接翻译：在理想的科学怎么被做的状态中,
改进： 去掉被动态 科学怎么被做=科学研究 在科研的理想状态中， 再翻主句：
facts about the world are waiting to beobserved and collected by objective researchers 关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集， 最后翻译定语从句：
who usethe scientific method to carry out their work. 研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作 参考译文：在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集，研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。 17 一． 介词 （一）好像：
They enteredthe building disguised as cleaners. 他们化装成清洁工人的模样进入了大楼。 （二） 作为，当作：
I am tempted to define “journalism” as a term of contempt. 我禁不住将新闻业定义为一个蔑视的称谓。 （be temptedto 直译为“被诱惑”，但是用I 做主语的时候最好转译为：禁不住，愿意，会等）
He has elected the activity of thinking as his primary duty. 他已经选择了思考的行为作为他主要的责任 （ elect = choose）
His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. 他作为音乐评论家的声誉一直饱受争议。 二． 副词
(一) 1.As(副词)+形容词或副词+as（介词）+名词 (构成比较结构) The dress is twice as expesive as that one. (倍数加在第一个as前）
I haven’t known him as long as you.
= I haven’t known him as long as you (have done). 我认识他的时间没有你认识他的时间久。
2.As（副词）+ 形容词或副词+as (连词)+句子（构成比较结构） （1）He looks as ill as he sounded on the phone.
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他的样子和他在电话中说话的声音所反映的病情是一样的。 （2）His eyes aren’t quite as blue as they lookin the film. 他的眼睛不像在电影里见到的那样蓝。
（3）IQ tests are not given as often as theyused to be. 智商测试不像以前那样经常被使用了。 （三） As （副词）：像，如，和„无不同。
As beforehe remained unmoved. 和过去一样，他无动于衷。 三． 连词 （一） 表时间
I watched her as she combed her hair. 她梳头的时候我一直看着她 （二） 表原因（常放在句首）
As you weren’t there I left a message. 因为你不在那里，我留了个信儿。
（三）表示让步 （常放在形容词或者副词后）
Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaningbehind it is as deep as ocean. 尽管图画很简单，但是其背后的寓意却非常深刻。 （四） 表示方式
They did as I had asked.
他们是按照我的要求做的。
四． 关系代词 （在牛津词典中还是归结在连词中，但是在理解 的时候理解为代词更容易，所以一直都用代词词性进行讲解）
As (关系代词指代后面的句子) is shown above, +主句 如上图所示， 现在再来看这个句子：
Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his
papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the“odd balls” among
researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. 前半句中的as„as„就不再是比较结构了，你识别出来了吗？
这里第二个as是关系代词，指代的是：regularity and conformity to a standard pattern; 调整一下语序就是：
If regularity and conformity to a standard pattern as the writing of scientist’s papers would appear to reflect are as desirable to him，
As desirable 中的as 为副词(3)，如„
如果，科学家的论文写作中所反映出的对于标准模板的一致性和规则性，（如果，科学家的论文写作中所反映出来的对于标准模板的遵从和一致，）正是他们所想要的话，那么„ 后半句顺便再说一下是个倒装：
management is not to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more
conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
18 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of
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key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
主干识别：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world. 其他成分：to produce a unique millennium technology calendar 状语 that gives the latest dates 状语中名词calendar的定语从句
when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.前面定语中latest dates 的定语从句 翻译点拨：词汇的处理：
pieced together 汇集；综合 around the world 世界各地，全世界 produce 编制 a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历 the latest dates 最近日期 key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破 定语从句的处理：可以后置单独成句，也可以翻译为前置定语；
a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
参考译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期
19 In fact, circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .
主干识别：并列句主干一：circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us.
并列句主干二：we are unlikely to begin aconscious effort to escape from our situation.
其他成分：并列句二：if we feel that we have been “wronged” 状语
翻译点拨：这个句子的结构不复杂主要是在转换为中文的时候有一定的困难。 词汇的点拨： bring out唤起，引起，激发
the best 直接翻译为最好的，但是可以接受的是：力量，能量，正能量； have been 完成时态可以翻译为“总” wronged 动词: 不公平对待；
begin a conscious effort to 自觉地做„ escape from our situation 改变境遇，处境 参考译文：实际上，环境似乎就是为了去唤起我们内心的力量，并且如果我们总感觉到不公平，那么我们不太可能可以用自觉的力量去改变境遇。
20These questionsare political in the sense that thedebate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which thecareers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering theacademic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，
and with them the chances for a distinctivecontribution to humanistic understanding，acontribution that might be an
important influence against sexism in our society. 词汇突破：1. in a sense 从某种意义上讲
What you say is true in a sense. 你的话从某种意义上讲是正确的。 In the sense of +短语
that+句子 (从下面的意义上讲„= 因为„)
2. disinterested 公正的；无私的；不感兴趣的；不关心的
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3.Inquiry 询问，探究 4. in substantial numbers 大量的
5.sexism 性别主义（歧视）6.distinctive 独特的，明显的7.at stake 有风险的 主干识别：These questions are political这些问题是政治性的问题， 其他成分：由in the sense that引导出一个状语从句: 状语从句主干：
The debate over them will inevitablybe less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquirythan an academic power struggle. 因为，对于这些问题的争论并不是在公正的探究精神的指导下对抽象事务的探究，而是一种学术权力的争斗。 状语从句中的定语从句：
in which the careers and professionalfortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession insubstantial numbers-will be at stake在这种争斗中，很多女性学者（她们很多是现在才大量进入学术圈的）的职业和专业才能都会面临风险， 后接一个省略句，这种结构在我们之前的考研难句中是见过的：
（with them） the chances for a distinctive contribution tohumanistic understanding （ will be at stake）
同时，对她们而言，对于人文学科的理解做出独特贡献的机会也会处于风险之中。 最后加一个同位语解释说明前面的contribution：
，acontribution +定语从句： that might be an important influenceagainst sexism in our society.
而这种贡献可能会对于反对我们社会中的性别歧视主义产生重大的影响。
参考译文：这些问题是政治性的问题，因为，对于这些问题的争论并不是在公正的探究精神的指导下对抽象事务的探究，而是一种学术权力的争斗。在这种争斗中，很多女性学者（她们很多是现在才大量进入学术圈的）的职业和专业才能都会面临风险，同时，对她们而言，对于人文学科的理解做出独特贡献的机会也会处于风险之中。而这种贡献可能会对反对我们社会中的性别歧视主义产生重大的影响。
21But while admitting to the fullest extent the wonderful achievements of labour, and recognizing the fact that men of the most distinguished genius have invariably
been found the most indefatigable workers, it must nevertheless be sufficiently
obvious that, without the original endowment of heart and brain, no amount of labour, however well applied, could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton, a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo. 词汇突破：to the fullest extent 完全 indefatigable 不知疲倦的
distinguished genius 杰出的天才 Invariably 总是，不变的 Endowment天赋 主干识别：it must nevertheless be sufficientlyobvious that„ 其他成分：while 引导的两个现在分词短语充当的让步状语：
while admitting to the fullest extent thewonderful achievements of labour, and recognizing the fact that men of the mostdistinguished genius have invariably been found the most indefatigable workers
that 引导一个主语从句：
without the original endowment of heart andbrain, no amount of labour, however well applied, could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton,a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo. 其中主干为：no amount of labour could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton, a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo.
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注意： no amount of labour could have produced... = amount of labor could not have produced...
其他成分： without the original endowment of heart and brain状语 however well applied 状语
参考译文：但是，我们虽然在一方面最大程度的承认劳动所创造的辉煌成就，也承认最杰出的天才永远是最不疲倦的辛劳着，但同时，有一点也是很明显的，那就是，如果没有心智固有的天赋，无论付出多少劳动，也无论这些劳动运用的有多么恰当，也无法创造出像莎士比亚，牛顿，贝多芬，米开朗基罗这样杰出的人物。 22 先说一下昨天的句子：
no amount of labour could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton, a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo.
昨天的句子大家主要是不习惯：
No amount of labour 做主语，我换一个句子： no man can change the weather； 大家一定要先分结构，然后在理解正确的前提下看汉语说起来是不是顺口。而不能一看到句子就按汉语的习惯来理解。
连续两天重口味，今天的句子就小清新一把了，障碍来自短语：
A notion has takenhold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them. 词汇突破： take hold in„ 根深蒂固 To the effect 其大意是„ (别小看这两个短语，在翻译考题中至少两分)
参考译文：在美国有一种根深蒂固的观点，那（其大意）就是只有那些抚养得起子女的人，才应该被鼓励生育。 23 第一． 语言能力
由于考研只考阅读和写作，所以这里的语言能力，主要是单词和句子的能力，这个方面所花的时间会比较长一些：
首先，单词肯定是需要记忆方法的，通过记忆方法能快速的记住单词的字典含义；但记住单词的字典含义只是第一步，更重要的是注意在语境中调整和赋予这个单词更准确和通顺的语境含义，以帮助我们更贴切的理解文章。 比如：1. rested with 字典含义：取决于．．．（很多同学甚至是不知道这个短语的字典含义的）
Copyright rested with the journal publisher.，and researchers seeking knowledge of the results wouldhave to subscribe to the journal.
在这个句子中根据语境：版权属于期刊的出版者；
2.entail 字典含义是：使蒙受，使产生；必须，使承担；
Deliberate practice entails more thansimply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtainingimmediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 这句中的entails= involves.
(这句把并列连词省略了补全是：
Deliberatepractice entails more than„ and it involves„) 3. substantial 字典含义：大量的；结实的，牢固的；重大的 Genetically speaking, there are advantagesto avoiding substantial height.
从基因的角度来讲，避免长的“太”高是有好处的。就把substantial理解为一个程度词即可。 4. adding to 字典含义是：增加，添加
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Adding to a woman’s increased dose ofstress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.
这句话的结构是：Adding to A is( are) B =B is (are) adding to A A = a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals B= her opportunities for stress
在理解的时候，最好就理解为：除了A 还有Ｂ；这样更能理解深层含义。 ５．flap 字典的含义是：上下或左右移动、摆动；轻拍；振翅而飞；<口>焦虑
在这个句子中：The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. 关于饶舌音乐的（焦虑）争论并没有让他的日子变得轻松一点。 根据文章后文内容是可以灵活理解的。 当然在翻译题目中一般出现这样的短语就是硬伤了。
6. allow for sth ：字典含义：在计算，估计，考虑时包括某人
Supporters ofthe new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial costreductions and better coordinated service. Allow for =bring about 带来
新的超级系统的支持者认为，这些合并将带来费用的大幅降低和更协调的服务。
从以上的例子中，我们确实可以看出字典是不可能涵盖单词的所有语境含义的，在理解单词在句中含义的时候一定要根据语境调整。而这种赋意的过程其实就是所谓的语感。只能通过相对大量的阅读才能形成的能力，这种能力我们从去年9月就开始引导同学们培养了。
同时，正是这种语境含义的出现使得两个在字典含以上不太可能相等的单词成为了一组可相互替换的单词： 比如：
1. Thinking ability = critical thinking = creative=innovation 2. popular culture= common culture 3. cultural power= assimilating power
4. prevent (同意替换)=hinder= refrain= deter（同意替换） 5.apprehension = worry
6. visualize=imagine=conceive7. mechanical = unchanged 8. Modify=change9. spontaneity= informal
10. mind= people11. faith=confidence=assertiveness
12. accumulation= expansion13．suits = enable (同意替换)= entail 14. dismiss 斥责= rebuke=criticize
15．tap 开发 tap themarket = explore the market = expand the market 16. not nearly = far from
24 Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
主干识别：主干一： The by-product of the institution was only gradually noted.
主干二： This effect was only more gradually considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
翻译点拨：词汇的处理:by-product 副产品
institution 机构conduct of the institution 机构运作
directive factor指导性的因素only gradually 只是逐渐的
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only more gradually 只是更为逐渐的是„（直接处理确实不通顺，可以用慢慢的来代替） 主干一的处理：
The by-product of the institution was only gradually noted. 人们只是逐渐才注意到机构的副产品。 主干二的处理：
This effect was only more gradually considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
而人们更为缓慢的才把这种效果当成是机构运作中的指导因素。 初译：
人们只是逐渐才注意到这个机构的副产品。而人们更为缓慢地才把这种效果当成是机构运作中的指导因素。 修改：
人们只是逐渐才注意到这个机构的副产品。而人们把这种效果当成是机构运作中的指导因素的过程则更为缓慢。 参考译文：人们只是逐渐才注意到这个机构的副产品。而人们把这种效果当成是机构运作中的指导因素的过程则更为缓慢。
25 Nobody can know how 2013 will change the world. In 1989 the Soviet empire teetered and fell. But Marx’s belief that 1848was the first wave of a proletarian revolution was confounded by decades of flourishing capitalism and 1968, which felt so pleasurably radical at the time,did more to change sex than politics.
词汇突破：teetered摇摇欲坠，处于„的边缘 proletarian revolution 无：：产：：阶：：级革命 confounded 迷惑，糊涂；惊讶；击败， 例句：He momentarily confounded hiscritics by his cool handling of the hostage crisis...
他对人质危机的冷静处理一时让批评者们惊讶不已。 Radical 激进
提醒：more...than...在快速理解的时候就理解为：more+肯定than+否定。 除开一些明显的表示比较的句子： i am more impatient than you. 解析最后一句 主干识别：Marx’sbelief was confounded by decades of flourishing capitalism and 1968 did more tochange sex than politics.
其他成分：1848 wasthe first wave of a proletarian revolution 同位语从句 which felt so pleasurably radical at the time定语从句
参考译文：Mark 认为1848年只是无）产）阶）级革命的第一次浪潮，但是之后几十年资本主义的繁荣发展却击碎了这种想法；1968也曾一度表现出了令人愉悦的激进，但是最终也只是改变了人们对性(别）的态度而没有改变政治。
有的人一辈子就是英雄，无论这样的记载是否真实， 我愿意相信这样的英雄！向英雄致敬！ Shavarsh Vladimirovich Karapetyan(Armenian: Շավարշ Կարապետյան) (born May 19, 1953 inKirovakan) is a retired Soviet Armenian finswimmer, 11-time World Recordholder, 17-time World Champion, 13-time European Champion and 7-time USSRChampion; additionally, he saved 20 lives when a trolleybus fell into theYerevan reservoir.
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Karapetyan, Honored Master of Sports of theUSSR, ten-time finswimmingWorld Record-breaker, is better known in the former USSR for one particular day of hislife, September 16, 1976. On that day, training with his brother Kamo, also afinswimmer, by running alongside the Yerevan Lake, Karapetyan had justcompleted his usual distance of 20 km(12 mi) when he heard the soundof the crash and saw the sinking trolleybus which had gone out of control andfallen from the dam wall. The trolleybus lay at the bottom of thereservoir some 25 metres (80 ft)offshore at a depth of 10 metres (33 ft).Karapetyan swam to it and, despite conditions of almost zero visibility, due tothe silt rising from the bottom, broke the back window with his legs. Thetrolleybus was crowded, it carried 92 passengers and Karapetyan knew he hadlittle time, spending some 30 to 35 seconds for each person he saved.
Karapetyan managed to rescue 20 people (hepicked up more, but 20 of them survived), but this ended his sports career: thecombined effect of cold water and the multiple wounds he received (scratched byglass), left him unconscious for 45 days. Subsequent sepsis, due to the presenceof raw sewage in the lake water, and lung complications prevented him fromcontinuing his sports career.
Karapetyan's achievement was notimmediately recognized. All related photos were kept at the district attorney’soffice and were only published two years later. He was awarded a medal\"For The Rescue of the Drowning\" and the Order of the Badge of Honor.His name became a household name in the USSR on October 12, 1982, whenKomsomolskaya Pravda published an article on his feat, entitled \"TheUnderwater Battle of the Champion\". This publication revealed that he wasthe rescuer; and he received about 60,000 letters.
On February 19, 1985, Shavarsh justhappened to be near a burning building, that had people trapped inside. Herushed in and started pulling people out without a second thought. Once again,he was badly hurt (severe burns) and spent a long time in the hospital.[1] He later moved to Moscow and founded a shoe company called“Second Breath”. Karapetyan was later awarded a UNESCO “Fair Player” medal forhis heroism
HUMANITY harbours a lingering fear thatThomas Malthus might just have been right. The dour reverend first warned in1798 that population growth would lead to soaring resource prices, leavingworkers destitute. Two centuries of growth later, the worry that the world’snatural resources are finite remains.
词汇突破：1. lingering持续存在的，不愿离开的，苟延残喘的
例句：1.Unemploymentand lingering disease cooperated to make his family broken. 失业加上长期的疾病，使他倾家荡产。
2. Thesefigures kill off any lingering hopes of an early economic recovery. 这些数字彻底扼杀了人们对经济早日复苏所抱的一线希望 2. dour reverend 严厉的传教士 3. destitute 极度穷困 4. finite 有限的
句子解析： 最后一句主干：the worry remains
人类一直心存一丝恐惧，害怕ThomasMalthus (托马斯马尔萨斯)可能是对的。这位严肃的教士早在1798年就提出警告：人口增长将导致资源价格大幅上涨，使劳动者贫困潦倒。经历了两个世纪的人口增长，人们对于世界资源有限性的担心一直存在。
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Paul Ehrlich, a biologist of Malthusiandisposition, argued in “The Population Bomb”, a 1968 book, that risingpopulations would inevitably exhaust those resources, sending prices soaringand condemning people to hunger. That pitted him against economists who arguedthat rising prices should mitigate the squeeze by calling forth more supply. Ina famous 1980 wager Julian Simon, an economist, bet Mr Ehrlich that commodityprices would be lower a decade later. He won, as the effects of rising pricesin the 1970s showed up in energy conservation and more oil exploration. Butwhen exuberance returned to commodity markets in the 2000s, so did the oldarguments. Jeremy Grantham, a money manager, wrote in 2011 that “price pressureand shortages of resources will be a permanent feature of our lives.” 词汇突破：1.Malthusiandisposition 马尔萨斯主义 2.Disposition 性格，倾向，意见，看法
3.Pit (动词) 使相斗；使对立；使竞争(传说中的挖坑？) 例句：This wasone man pitted against the universe. 这是一个人挑战整个宇宙。
4. mitigate 使缓和，使减轻；使平息5. squeeze 压力
6. calling forth more supply 增加压力 7. wager 赌局 8. exuberance 繁荣9. inevitably 不可避免的 句子分析：PaulEhrlich, a biologist of Malthusian disposition, argued in “The PopulationBomb”, a 1968 book, that rising populations would inevitably exhaust thoseresources, sending prices soaring and condemning people to hunger.
主干识别：Paul Ehrlich argued that risingpopulations would inevitably exhaust those resources, sending prices soaringand condemning people to hunger
马尔萨斯主义的支持者，生物学家Paul Ehrlich在1968年出版的《人口炸弹》一书中指出，持续增加的人口将不可避免地耗尽资源，导致价格大幅上涨，迫使人类陷于饥饿。这使他相当于在挑战一群经济学家，那些经济学家认为通过增加供给就能抑制价格上涨。在那场著名的赌局中，经济学家Julian Simon与Ehrlich打赌，认为十年后商品价格会更低。Julian Simon赢了，70年代石油价格的大幅上涨带来了节约能源与石油开采量的提高。但当21世纪初商品市场再度繁荣时，这个旧的议题又被重新提及。2011年，货币经理JeremyGrantham撰文写道：“资源的价格与紧缺所带来的压力将是我们生活的永恒特征”
28 But everybody knows Obama needs a liberal to stop the court from moving further to the right than it already has under John Roberts,
the present chief justice, a man more stealth-bomber than aircraft-carrier, whose professions of judicial modesty during his own
confirmation hearings in 2005 gave little inkling of the controversial decisions over which he has since presided. 新增内容：
(whose professions of judicial modesty during his own
confirmation hearings in 2005 gave little inkling of the controversial decisions over which he has since presided. )
结构： A gives little inkling to B
A 太长，B太长；都分别翻译：
A = 2005年，在其就职确认听证会上，他表示将信奉中庸的司法理念， B= 他主政之后却做成了很多有争议的判罚。
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gives little inkling to = 没成想
所以翻译中单独成句是很重要的翻译技巧！
词汇突破：liberal 自由主义者
Chief justice 大法官Stealth 隐形轰炸机Aircraft-carrier 航空母舰
judicial modesty 司法中庸的理念confirmation hearings 确认听证会inkling 想法，暗示，迹象controversial 具有争议性的
professions 表明（这是一个动态名词，在翻译的过程中常常翻译为动词） gave little inkling 没有给出线索；（没成想） 句子主干：everybody knows
其他成分：Obama needs a liberal to stop the court （宾语从句主干） from moving further to the right （状语）
than it already has under JohnRoberts （比较状语从句修饰moving further to the right）（省略了has moved）
the present chief justice 同位语(John Roberts)
a man more stealth-bomber than aircraft-carrier 同位语（John Roberts） whose professions of judicial modesty during his own confirmation hearings in 2005 gave little inkling of the controversial decisions over which he has since presided. 定语从句修饰（John Roberts）
微观分析：定语从句的主干：whose professions of judicial modesty gave little inkling of the controversial decisions
定语从句中再给出了两个定语：
（1） during his own confirmation hearings in 2005 （2） over which he has since presided. 翻译点拨：可以先翻译同位语：
现任首席大法官约翰.罗伯茨,与其说像航母不如说更像隐形轰炸机。
再来翻译定语从句前半句，将主语和定语部分单独成句：
2005年，在其就职确认听证会上，他表示将信奉中庸的司法理念，没成想在他主政之后却做成了很多有争议的判罚。
接着翻译宾语从句：先翻译状语： 法庭在约翰的领导下，已经往右发展了，奥巴马需要一个自由主义者来阻止法庭进一步的右转。
最后翻译主句：
这一点是大家都知道的。
参考译文：现任首席大法官约翰.罗伯茨,与其说像一艘航母不如说像一架隐形轰炸机。2005年，在其就职确认听证会上，他表示将信奉中庸的司法理念，没成想在他主政之后却做成了很多有争议的判罚。法庭在约翰的领导下，已经往右发展了，奥巴马需要一个自由主义者来阻止法庭进一步的右转。这一点是大家都知道的。
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30 There once was a king who offered a prize to the artist who would paint the best picture of peace. Many artists tried. The king looked at all thepictures. But there were only two he really liked, and he had to choose betweenthem. One picture was of a calm lake. The lake was a perfect mirror for peaceful towering mountains all around it. Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy white clouds. All who saw this picture thought that it was a perfect picture ofpeace.
The other picture had mountains, too. But these were rugged andbare. Above was an angry sky, from which rain fell and in which lightningplayed. Down the side of the mountain tumbled a foaming waterfall. This did notlook peaceful at all.
But when the king looked closely, he saw behind the waterfall a tinybush growing in a crack in the rock. In the bush a mother bird had built hernest. There, in the midst of the rush of angry water, sat the mother bird onher nest — in perfect peace.
Which picture do you think won the prize? The king chose the second picture. Do you know why?
“Because,” explained the king,“peace does not mean to be in a place where there is no noise, trouble, or hardwork. Peace means to be in the midst of all those things and still be calm in your heart. That is the real meaning of peace.”
“因为，真正的宁静并不是指没有噪音、没有烦扰、没有艰辛，而是当你周围所有的喧嚣因素都存在的时候，你的心依然能够静如止水。这才是宁静的真谛。”
Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by thehomeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardensspeak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration andcreative expression. 词汇点拨：Strikes 打动„ Diversity 多样性
Urges 刺激，冲动，想法，需求； speak of 传递和表达；
the homeless 无家可归者，流浪汉 for all 尽管 beyond 超出
主干识别： it strikes one that „
其他成分： when one looks at thephotographs of the garden created by the homeless， 状语从句
That for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that ofdecoration and creative expression. that引导的从句（beyond that中的that 指代urges） 参考译文：但是,当一个人看到由无家可归者所修建的花园的照片时,他一定会被花园所表现的特征所打动：尽管这些花园风格多样，但是这些花园还体现了装饰性和创造性表达之外的其他基本需求。
（这样的译文看上去确实不通顺，不过就是这样的，我们看到过的这种类型的文章确实不多而已）
31 When you are attracted to someone, it means your subconscious is attracted to his subconscious,
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subconsciously.词性的转化颇具神韵。来写下一部在你脑海里有印象的，能立马想到的爱情电影的名字吧 ：）
A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is adistinctly animal need. 词汇突破：sacred 神圣的 Crude 简陋 Shelter 栖身之地 Distinctly 明显的 Opposed 与„相反
主干识别：A sacred place of peace is a distinctly human need
其他成分：however crude it may be = it maybe however crude; 无论„多么„ as opposed to shelter,
翻译点拨： 这个句子在翻译的过程中如果直接按语序翻译会使译文听起来不通顺如： 一个神圣的平和之地，无论有多么的简陋，也明显是人类的需求，同栖身之所是相反的，栖身之所很明显也是动物的需要。
参考译文：一处神圣的平和之所，无论其有多么的简陋，也明显是人类的需要，它同栖身之所是不一样的，栖身之所显然只是动物的需求。
32 The gardens of the homeless which are ineffect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where iteither didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. 词汇突破： in effect 实际上
discernible adj.可识别的；可辨别的
form 形式（补译为建筑形式）
主干识别：The gardensof the homeless introduce form into an urban environment 其他成分：which arein effect homeless gardens 定语从句
where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such 定语从句 参考译文：无家可归者建造的花园实际上就是没有源头可循的花园，这种花园将一种建筑形式引入到了都市的环境之中，在这种环境下，这种形式之前要么是不存在的，要么就是没有被这样地辨识出来。
331) Hence the description of America as a “graveyard”for languages.
2) Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
很多同学读了这两个句子以后都来吐槽说，找不到谓语；确实这个句子没有谓语。 因为这个两个句子我们理解为省略句，补全了就是： Hence (there is) the description„ Hence (there is) the analogy„
以后看到这样的没有谓语的只有一个名词+一串修饰的句子就可以补全为刚才的样子了。 当然还有一句就是： Small wonder.
补全就是：(This is)small wonder.
你会发现省去了this is或者there is 之后是不是酷很多啊：） 我讲清楚了吧。说话，是不是！
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今天的正餐：
most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some
psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.
词汇突破： demoralizationof spirit士气低落，精神萎靡 blame on指责，归咎于
the expression 情绪（精神萎靡的情绪） vanish 消失
by magic. 魔术般
主干识别： most ofus give into a demoralization of spirit 其他成分： which weusually blame on some psychological conditions定语从句（翻译时单独成句）
untilone day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if bymagic. 状语从句（翻译时单独成句）
参考译文：我们大多数人会感到精神不振，通常我们会归咎于一些精神上的状态，直到有一天我们身处花园之中，之前的萎靡状态一扫而去，仿佛是魔力的作用一般。
34 It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fullyjustifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describethese synthetic constructions. 词汇突破：implicit 含蓄的，不明确的 Explicit 明确的
Reference 涉及，联系 Synthetic 人造的
Liberated sense = broad sense 广义的 主干识别：强调句： Itis （this implicitor explicit reference to nature）（主语被强调） that fully justifies the use of word garden to describe thesesynthetic constructions.
其他成分：though ina “liberated” sense 状语，翻译的时候可以放置在括号之中。
参考译文：正是这种同自然之间的明显地或含蓄地关联，使的用“花园”这个单词来描述这些人工合成建筑变得完全合理了。(虽然只是就广义而言)
35 IF you are a suspicious type you may bedisturbed by the fact that, despite reassurances of the safety of the procedure, dentists and their technicians, when administering X-rays, usuallystep out of the room while the deed is done. 词汇突破：suspicious多疑 Reassurances
字典含义是：消除恐惧或疑虑；恢复信心；放心；
英语解释是：remove sb's fears or doubts; make sb confident again 在这个语境中还是愿意翻译为： 再次确认，再次保证 Administering 实施 Dentists 牙医
主干识别：you maybe disturbed by the fact
其他成分：状语从句：IF youare a suspicious type
同位语从句：, despite reassurances of the safety of the procedure, dentists andtheir technicians, when administering X-rays, usually step out of the roomwhile the deed is done.
参考译文： 如果你是多疑的人，你可能会由于下面的事实而感到不安：尽管一再地保证
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治疗过程是安全的，在实施X射线治疗的时候，牙医和技术人员通常会在进行治疗时走出房间。
36 The lipstick effect is the theory that when facing an economic crisis consumers will be more willing to buy less costly luxury goods. Instead of buying expensive fur coats, women will buy expensive lipstick.
口红效应指的是在经济危机时消费者更愿意购买相对廉价的奢侈品这样一个理论。女性消费者在经济危机时选择购买的不是价格不菲的皮草服装，而是高档口红。
The underlying assumption is that consumers will buy luxury goods even if there is a crisis. When consumer trust in the economy is dwindling, consumers will buy goods that have less impact on their available funds. Obviously men will not be buying lipstick, but could be tempted by expensive beer or smaller, less costly gadgets.
口红效应揭示的是这样一种思维：就算在经济不景气的情况下，人们仍然有购买奢侈品的愿望。当人们意识到经济在下滑的时候，他们会购买一些对其现有资金影响不大的商品。男性消费者当然不会去买口红了，不过他们可能会买高档啤酒或一些小巧又不太贵的小玩意。
在上面的表达中最重要的表达就是：The underlying assumption is that...(这意味着...）是在议论文的写作中经常会用到的一个表达，在2005年的阅读理解中就有这样的句子，表达很相似：
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
with the underlying assumption that = The underlying assumption is that...=which means...在写作中也是很好的表达。 在翻译中： Obviously men will not be buying lipstick, but could be tempted by expensive beer or smaller, less costly gadgets.
将被动翻译为了主动：不过他们可能会买高档啤酒或一些小巧又不太贵的小玩意
37 Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery would almost certainly bring the single market to a shuddering halt. 【词汇突破】recriminations相互指责，吵架； 反诉； 揭丑；
例句：Their relationship deteriorates into an endless cycle of squabbling , jealousy and recriminations.
他们的关系陷入争吵、嫉妒、指责的恶性循环 Treaty 合约和条约；
Periphery边缘； 圆周； 外围； 边缘地带 Shuddering发抖的，震动的 Halt 停止
【主干识别】wild currency swings would bring the single market to a shuddering halt. 【其他成分】Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, 状语
between those in the core and those in the periphery定语
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【微观解析】介词短语：介词Amid +名词1the recriminations and名词2 broken treaties 介词短语中的定语 after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, 【难点揭秘】长状语置于句首造成主干识别的困难，主语过长造成了翻译的难点。 【译文赏析】在欧盟最大的经济计划破产后的一片指责和违约之中，货币在欧盟核心国家和边缘国家中肆意动荡，这足以使欧元区的单一市场走向毁灭。
【翻译点拨】将主语wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery翻译为一个句子将名词swings 转译为动词。
38 Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century
England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the rapid
increase of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in
doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably to [A] compare their interest in luxury goods and in luxury services. [B] confirm key questions about 18th-century England consumerism. [C] contrast their views on luxury consumerism in 18th-century England.
[D] exemplify historians who have proved the growing consumerism in 18th-century England.
题型识别：这是一道典型的区分论点和论据的题目，局部主题题 回文定位：直接对应原文
思路解析：论据不是关键主要是找到论据所对应的论点和结论，这里的结论就是第一句： Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England.
最近，历史学家们开始去关注在18世纪英国发生的，对于奢侈品和奢侈服务需求的上升。
[B] confirm key questions about 18th-century England consumerism.的干扰来自最后一句，
最后一句确实是一个结论，但是例子和结论一定要配对： 结论1+例子 ，转折 +结论2
这个时候的例子应该是说明结论1的。
[A] compare their interest in luxury goods and in luxury services.
[C] contrast their views on luxury consumerism in 18th-century England. 就着例子自我总结的选项可以排除。
正确答案：[D] exemplify historians who have proved the growing consumerism in 18th-century England.
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例证了确实有这样的历史学家。
昨天句子的参考翻译,我看空间留言里面的一些翻译也不错吗，很好，一定要形成这样良好的学习氛围！
39 PROMETHEUS, a Titan bound to a rock by Zeus,endured the daily torture of an eagle feasting on his liver, only to have the organ regrow each night. Compared with this spectacle, a video on the
website of Nature this week seems decidedly dull. It shows a collection of pink dots consolidating into a darker central glob.
Butsomething titanic is indeed happening. The pink dots are stem cells, and thevideo shows the development of a liver bud, something which can go on to lookand act like a liver. Takanori Takebe and Hideki Taniguchi of Yokohama CityUniversity, in Japan, who madethe video, have created working human-liver tissue.
Researchershave long dreamed that stem cells might be used to repair or replace damaged tissue, an aspiration known as regenerative medicine. Embryonic stem cells, in particular, are “pluripotent”, meaning they are able to become any other type of cell. And it is now possible to induce pluripotency in cells that have not come from embryos, thus circumventing the ethical minefield previously associated with obtaining them.
Last year Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University won a Nobel prize for the invention of induced pluripotency. He had shown how four signal proteins can reprogram adult cells into a pluripotent state. Beside dealing with the ethical problems of embryonic cells, Dr Yamanaka’s induced pluripotent
stem (iPS) cells allow—at least in theory—a treatment to be created from a patient’s own body. This would have his own genetic make up and would thus not attract the attention of his immune system.
Realizing such treatments has been fiendishly difficult. But Dr Takebe’s paper in Nature is one of several signs that the Promethean dream is slowly coming to life. 词汇突破：PROMETHEUS 普罗米修斯 Titan 巨人
Zeus 宙斯 Torture 折磨
feasting on 贪婪的吞噬 spectacle 壮观的景象 decidedly dull=very dull dots 小点
consolidating 合并 glob一团
stem cells 干细胞干细胞(stem cells, SC)是一类具有自我复制能力(self-renewing)的多潜能细胞，在一定条件下，它可以分化成多种功能细胞。根据干细胞所处的发育阶段分为胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell，ES细胞)和成体干细胞(somatic stem cell)。根据干细胞的发育潜能分为三类：全能干细胞(totipotent stem cell,TSC)、多能干细胞（pluripotent stem cell）和单能干细胞（unipotent stem cell）。干细胞(Stem Cell)是一种未充分分化，尚不成熟的细胞，具有再生各种组织器官和人体的潜在功能，医学界称为“万用细胞”。 a liver bud 肝芽
Aspiration渴望和目标
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Induce 引诱，诱发
fiendishly difficult = very verydifficult; circumventing 绕行 ethical 伦理
genetic make up 基因组合
解析：英语文化中有三大支柱：圣经，古罗马希腊神话，莎士比亚； 所以在写作的过程中，作者比较偏好用这些作品里的典故作为引子和比喻来开始自己的写作或者增加自己文章的可读性。但是对于不太了解英语文化的中国学生，却成为了一个障碍和挑战。了解一些文化是必要的；同时在阅读的时候也要善于跳过这些引子和比喻抓住文章的中心；
PROMETHEUS, a Titan bound to a rock by Zeus, endured the daily torture of an eagle feasting on his liver, only to have the organ regrow eachnight. Compared with this spectacle, a video on the website of Nature this week seems decidedly dull. It shows a collection of pink dots consolidating into a darker central glob.
普罗米修斯，一个被宙斯绑在岩石上的巨人，每个白天都忍受着一只老鹰啄食着他的肝脏，而每个晚上又会长出一个新的肝脏；和这样的景象相比，这周自然杂志网站上的一段视频看起来就非常无聊了。这段视频展示了一堆粉红色的小点合并成颜色更深的一个小球。
But something titanic is indeed happening. The pink dots are stem cells, and the video shows the development of a liver bud, something which can go on to look and act likea liver. Takanori Takebe and Hideki Taniguchi of Yokohama City University,in Japan,who made the video, have created working human-liver tissue. 但是一件真正重大的事情确实在发生。粉色的小球就是干细胞，并且视频给我们展示了一个肝芽正在形成，肝芽就是即将长成并且能像肝脏一样工作的东西。日本横滨市立大学（Yokohama City University）的武部孝则（Takanori Takebe）和谷口英机（Hideki Taniguchi）拍摄了这段视频，这次他们培养出了具有功能性的人类肝脏组织。 解析：前两段段就告知了本文要谈论的论题：肝脏再造。
Researchers have long dreamed that stem cells might be used to repair or replace damaged tissue, an aspiration known as regenerative medicine. Embryonic stem cells, inparticular, are “pluripotent”, meaning they are able to become any other typeof cell. And it is now possible to induce pluripotency in cells that have not come from embryos, thus circumventing the ethical minefield previously associated with obtaining them. 研究人员长期以来就梦想着，干细胞能用来修补损坏的组织，这种渴望就是人们熟知的再生医学；特别是，胚胎干细胞被称之为多能干细胞（pluripotent stem cell），这就意味着这些细胞能够成为另外一种细胞；现在已经有可能在非胚胎细胞中诱导细胞的多能性，这样就可以绕过之前使用胚胎细胞时所引发的伦理争议。
Last year Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto Universitywon a Nobel prize for the invention of induced
pluripotency. He had shown how four signal proteins can reprogram adult cells into a pluripotent state. Beside dealing with the ethical problems of embryonic cells, Dr Yamanaka’s induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells allow—at least in theory—a treatment to be created from a patient’s own body. This would have his own genetic make up and would thus not attract the attention of his immune system. Realizing such treatments has been fiendishly difficult. But Dr Takebe’s paper in Nature is one of several signs that the Promethean dream is slowly coming to life.
去年日本京都大学（Kyoto University）的山中伸弥（Shinya Yamanaka）由于成功诱导细胞的多能性而于去年荣获诺贝尔奖。他展出除了四种信号蛋白质是如何能将一个成年细胞变成多功能状态的。除开解决了胚胎细胞的伦理问题之外，他的受诱导多功能干细胞，至少在
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理论上带来了一种能从患者体内提取细胞进行再生的治疗方法。这样就可以取得患者自身的基因组合，就就不会引起其免疫系统的注意（避免了患者免疫系统的排异反应）。能实现这样的疗法已经非常非常困难了。但是Dr Takebe’s在自然杂志上的文章确实标志着像普罗米修斯那样器官重生的梦想正在逐步实现。
解析：这两段就是具体的讲现在的研究现状，再往后读就是更具体的介绍了。
40 Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s,this new view of childhood spread throughout in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulation and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo. 词汇突破：segment 部分，阶层
the poorer segments ofsociety. 社会中的较贫穷阶层
Predicate v. 断言，断定；n. 谓语
还有一个重要的意思：动词:基于；取决于；以„为基础
例句：Financial success is usually predicated on having money or beingable to obtain it. 先要有钱或者能弄到钱才能够赚钱。 A predicated in part on B A 的出现是部分基于B
Taboo禁忌；忌讳
child-labor regulation 童工法 Compulsory education laws义务教育法 主干识别： this new view （of childhood定语） spread （throughout in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries状语）
其他成分：Wellestablished among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, 过去分词作状语（可以先单独从句，主语就是this new view）
as reformers introduced child-labor regulation and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made childlabor taboo. 状语从句
微观分析：状语从句主干： reformers introduced
predicated in part on the assumption„定语修饰前面的两个法； a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo. 同位语从句补充说明assumption; 参考译文：这一新的观点在十九世纪的中期就已经在社会的中上阶层中牢牢的确立了，在19世纪末和20世纪初在社会的各阶层中传播开来，因为当时改革者们引入了童工法和义务教育法，这些法律和法规的出现部分是基于下面的假设: 孩子们的情感价值使得童工成为了一种禁忌。
41 As she put it in The Common Reader, “Although it is safe to say that not a singlelaw has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucersaid or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore. ”
背景介绍：杰弗里·乔叟（GeoffreyChaucer，1342年—1400年），英国中世纪著名作家，诗人，做过官，当过国王的使者，死后被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂。被后人称为：英国诗歌之父，甚至有些论著认为其是英国文学之父。牛人一枚。其最著名的作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》 (The Canterbury Tales)。这哥们之所以牛，主要还是由于到了意大利和法国，开了眼见，认识了
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更牛的比如但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘等人的作品，回国后作品风格就从理想主义转变为了现实主义，揭露了教会的腐败、教士的贪婪和伪善，谴责了扼杀人性的禁欲主义，肯定了世俗的爱情生活。
词汇突破：frame 制定 morality 道德
Pore 毛孔
句子解析：这个句子在结构上还真不难：
As she put it in The Common Reader,非限定性定语从句开头； 就如她在普通读者一书中所说的那样，
Althoughit is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set uponanother because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; 状语从句：
it issafe to say that 可以安全的说=可以毫无疑问的说=可以确定的说=可以保险的说=可以肯定的说
not asingle law has been framed 没有一个法律被制定
onestone set upon another 没有一个石头被放到了另外一个石头上=没有一栋建筑被修起来
becauseof anything Chaucer said or wrote 由于乔叟说的或写的任何事情； 状从+主句
and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore. ”
但是，当我们读他（作品）的时候，我们每个毛孔都吸满了道德。 特别解析：这里必须注意在理解这部分的时候不能只从语法上理解了，作者在这里实际使用了比喻的手段：
“没有法律被制定，没有建筑被修起来”说明乔叟的影响并不在于实际的生活。 “每个毛孔都吸满了道德”说明乔叟对我们思想的影响很大。 参考译文：就如她在普通读者一书中所说的那样，虽然我们可以很确定的说没有一个法律是由于乔叟说的或写的任何事情而被制定的，也没有一栋建筑是由于他说的或写的任何事情被修起来的，但是当我们在读他的作品时，我们每个毛孔都吸满了道德。
42 The physicist rightly dreads precise argument,since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas anargument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
词汇突破：dread vt. 害怕，担心； Precise adj. 精确的 Whereas conj. 鉴于；然而；反之
Perturbation n. <正>忧虑；不安；烦恼； n. 小的变化 主干识别：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument 物理学家正当地害怕精确的论断。
= 物理学家害怕（做出）精确的论断是正确的。
其他成分：since an argument that isconvincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions onwhich it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincingthough imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlyingassumptions.. 状语从句
微观分析：1. since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the
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assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, an argumentloses all its force 从句中的主干
thatis convincing only if it is precise 定语从句修饰argument if theassumptions are slightly changed 状语从句
on which it is based 定语从句修饰assumptions, which 指代assumptions ; = the argument is based on assuptions;
连在一起翻译，先翻状语从句
如果这个论断所基于的假设发生了细微变化的话，那么这个只有在精确的情况下才能有说服力的论断就会失去其全部的说服力。
=如果一个只有在精确的情况下才能有说服力的论断所基于的假设发生了细微变化的话，那么这个论断就会失去其全部的说服力
解释一下：由于要先翻状语从句，所以先把定语从句的信息先说了，反正都是修饰同一个argument , 这样可以更通顺，更符合中文习惯。
2. whereas an argument that is convincing thoughimprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. an argument may well be stable 主干
thatis convincing though imprecise 定语从句
under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. .状语
（its underlying assumptions= assumptionson which it is based这个替换牛吧！） 而一个尽管不精确但是却令人信服的论断，即使在其基于的理论发生轻微变化的时候，依旧是稳定的。
参考译文： 物理学家害怕（做出）精确的论断是正确的。因为，如果一个只有在精确的情况下才能有说服力的论断所基于的假设发生了细微变化的话，那么这个论断就会失去其全部的说服力，而一个尽管不精确但是却令人信服的论断，即使在其基于的理论发生轻微变化的时候，依旧是稳定的
43The theory on which it is based may be right . （it = 前面提到的未来诗歌Futurist poetry) ( which = theory)
on which it is based = The futurist poetry is based on the theory. 主句：The theory may be right. 昨天的句子：
assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed ( it =前面提到的argument） （which= assumptions)
on which it is based= The argument is based on the assumptions 主句：assumptions are slightly changed 好吧，这样的解析够体贴了吧!
不过这不是今天最精彩的，今天的句子绝对还会让你拍手叫好的！和考研难度绝对一致，高度仿真！让大家留言也是让大家相互鼓励！这里就是我们考研人的心灵家园！我们就是这样相互扶持着，相互鼓励着，无论遇到什么困难，都心无旁骛，一往无前，夺取胜利！
Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by conscious choice.
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词汇突破：1.Inheritancen. 继承；遗传；遗产 2.Genetics n.遗传，遗传学
例句：Smoking, rather than genetics,was the cause of his early demise. 导致他英年早逝的原因是吸烟而非遗传
3.dominating 支配4.broken through 打破 5. conscious 有意识的 6. until then 直到那时；（在句子有时也可以处理为：一直） 主干识别：Human history began
其他成分：when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by conscious choice. 状语从句
微观分析： 状语从句主干：
theinheritance of genetics and behavior was first broken through by consciouschoice
定语从句： Which（=the inheritance of genetics andbehavior） had untilthen provided the only way of dominating the environment
翻译点拨： 刚才的分析就是我们在翻译的课堂上常讲的第一步：句子结构分析，保证句子理解的正确性。
到了第二步我们就不能按英语的结构来翻译了，就应该按照中文的表达习惯来翻译了。具体的讲就是：每个过长部分都可以单独成句；然后按中文语序排列； 刚才的句子可以翻译为三个句子： 1. Human history began 人类历史开始了
2. when the inheritance of genetics and behaviorwas first broken through by conscious choice
当遗传和行为的继承第一次被有意识的选择打破的时候
3. Which（=the inheritance of genetics andbehavior） had untilthen provided the only way of dominating the environment
遗传和行为的继承一直提供了唯一支配环境的方式 =遗传和行为的继承一直是支配环境的唯一方式。
大家会发现这个句子按照321的顺序会很通顺，因为符合中文时间顺序的表达习惯： 参考译文：遗传和行为的继承一直是支配环境的唯一方式，当这种继承第一次被有意识的选择打破时，人类的历史就开始了。 比较一下：当那种一直是支配环境的惟一发式的遗传和行为的继承第一次被有意识的选择打破时，人类历史便开始了。（这种翻法就弱爆了！）
44 The idea of fish being able to generateelectricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor,is almost unbelievable. 词汇突破：generateelectricity 发电 light 点亮
主干识别：The ideais almost unbelievable. 其他成份： of fishbeing able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even torun an electric motor 定语
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以上就是对于句子结构的把握，但是如果要翻译的话，肯定不能按照英语的结构来翻译，定语被前置的话，后果将是灾难性的。
所以还是延续昨天的翻译方法：过长的部分单独成句，然后再按汉语的语序重新排列。 首先定语部分还可以切分为两个部分： 1） of fish being able to generateelectricity 鱼可以发电
2） （electricity is）strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor 电的强度足以点亮电灯，甚至可以开动电马达 再看主句：
3） The idea is almost unbelievable. 这种理念简直让人难以置信
这样我们发现其实就按123的顺序是符合中文表达习惯。 参考译文：有种理念认为鱼可以发电，（而且）电的强度足以点亮电灯，甚至发动电马达。这简直让人难以置信。
45 这首诗歌是英国诗人兰德W.S.Landor（1775-18）暮年写一首题为《生与死》的小诗 原文：
I strove with none, for none was worth my strife; Nature I loved,
and next to Nature, Art; I warm'd（古英语）both hands before the fire of Life; It sinks; and I am ready to depart. 杨绛先生翻译：
我和谁都不争， 和谁争我都不屑； 我爱大自然， 其次是艺术； 我双手烤着， 生命之火取暖； 火萎了， 我也准备走了。
\"人生最曼妙的风景，竟是内心的淡定与从容„„我们曾如此期盼外界的认可，到最后才知道：世界是自己的，与他人毫无关系＂。——杨绛 今天的句子难度和考研绝对一致！
Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by themale-dominated culture. 词汇突破：Prior to 在„之前
Stereotypes 模式化的形象(或特征);固定模式;刻板印象;陈规老套 Lacking=lack of 缺乏，没有 Features 特征
Unique 独特的个体 subject to容易遭受，受„管制 numerous 很多的 主干识别：Women in novels were stereotypes were also subject to numerous restrictions. 其他成分：of lacking any features that made them unique individuals （定语） That= (features) made them unique individuals
imposed by the male-dominated culture 定语修饰restrictions
参考译文：20世纪前，小说中的女性都是一些刻板的形象，没有任何的特点，所以无法成为独特的个体（注意这里定语从句的处理，这里处理为了一个中文中的状语从句） 而且屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。
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