雅思文章的连贯与衔接
一． 表达方式
1．“启”的表达：用于引导主题句，或引导主题句后面的第一个发展句。 第一first, firstly
首先，第一first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with 一方面（另一方面）on the one hand（ on the other hand） 首先（其次）for one thing,(… for another) 一般来说 generally speaking, in general 起初 in the beginning 最初 at first 现在 at present, nowadays 目前currently 最近recently, lately
2. “承”的表达：用于承接主题句或前面的发展句 第二 second, secondly 第三 third, thirdly 此外 besides , in addition
而且，此外 furthermore, what’s more, moreover 除…之外 in addition to 而且 also, too 例如 for example, for instance, as an example 再如as another example 即，就是 namely 换句话说 in other words 尤其，特别 in particular 同样地 in the same way, similarly 此后 afterwards, after that 过了一会 after a while 几天后 after a few days 从此 from now on 后来 later 正如 just as
与此同时 meanwhile 此时 by this time 不久 soon 然后 then 当然 of courses 同样重要的 equally important 为此 for this purpose 结果 consequently 3. “转”的表达：用于表示不同或相反的情况
毕竟 after all, 虽然 though, although, 可是 but, 尽管despite, in spite of, 然而yet,
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相反的on the contrary, 尽管如此even so, nevertheless, nonetheless, 另一方面 on the other hand, 不幸地unfortunately, 仍然still, 事实上in fact, as a matter of fact, 4. “合”的表达：用于小结段落中上文的内容，引导最后一个发展句或引导结尾句，表示段落的结束。
因此hence 如我所述as I have said 最后finally 如前所述as has been noted 总之in conclusion 最后finally 简而言之in short, in brief 一般说来by and large 摘要地说in summary 最终eventually 简单地说briefly 于是accordingly 最重要的是above all 的确indeed, truly 结果as a result 无疑undoubtedly, surely, certainly 所以so, for this reason 显然obviously 终于at last
二． 关联词应用实例说明
1) 表示举例说明 a case in point（与所谈论的事有关的事例）, after all, as an proof, as
an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, such, specifically, that is, to illustrate, to demonstrate a)
Many southern cities are growing above the national average-Atlanta is a case in point. b) c) d) These are, after all, very familiar species. Prisoners should be treated with respect——they are human beings after all. Old English was in many ways similar to Modern German. For instance, the nouns, adjectives, and verbs were highly inflected. e) We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to(靠近，接近) transport. f) g)
Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months.
His last album(唱片) sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as(=equally) popular. h)
One of the most important stages has yet(迟早，终归) to be started, namely (that is to say/ specifically)（即） beginning to fit the person into their new job. i)
The issues are in two main clusters, namely the safety and the pricing and
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procurement(获得) of drugs. j)
We’re talking about money, specifically, the money we need to repair our schools. k)
Our solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is, to make it wider. l)
2) 表示增补意义 additionally, again, along with, also, as well as, besides, equally,
even, further, furthermore, in addition, in other words, just as, moreover, not only…but also…, similarly, to put it another way, to repeat, then, too, what’s more a)
They may also additionally represent much more; they may indeed have highly integrating social function. b) c) d)
And again, these workshops will benefit the community widely. Tom was murdered, along with three guards. This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike. e)
The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities. f) g) h) People choose jobs for other reasons besides money. We want the economy to grow, but equally we want low inflation.
It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, “low budget” doesn’t have to mean “bad”. i) The majority of Americans increased their wealth in the past decade. Furthermore, the gains(利益，财富的增加) were substantial（large in amount, considerable）. j)
The company provides Internet access(使用或获取…的权利或能力). In addition, it makes shareware( 共享软件) freely available. k)
The tax only affects people on incomes over 200,000——in other words，the very rich. l)
Using language is a very complex enterprise (a plan or action that is daring or The rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation.
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difficult). Moreover, there is merely to communication than merely putting sentences together. m)
Money makes money. To put it another way, the more you invest, the greater you potential profit will be. n)
The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably. o)
First you need to collect all the information and make detailed notes. Then you can start to actually write your essay. p) q)
Gas is a very efficient fuel. And what’s more, it’s clean.
Think about what you owe（欠）, too, in terms of （以某种角度）mortgage（抵押贷款）, credit cards, loans（借贷款） or hire purchase(分期付款).
3）表示强调 above all, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, indeed, in fact, in particular, most important, obviously, of course, surely, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubt
a) Although it is somewhat limited in its applications it is easy to operate and above all it is fun.
b) He got lost and spent hours looking for the station, and anyway it was past midnight by the time he got home.(用于继续讲述某个话题或改变话题) c) Most of essays were very good indeed. d) Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months. e) This is very obviously the approach of someone writing exclusively and specifically for the young. f) Of course there will be some difficult times ahead。(将来)
g) It was difficult, to be sure, but somehow(不知怎的) we managed to finish the job. h) Undoubtedly, public interest in folk(民间的) music has declined. i) Sally was without doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school.
4)表示对比或对照
a) The birth rate of older women has decline, but, by contrast, births to teenage
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mothers have increased.
b) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people.
c) American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown ones.
d) The stock lost 60cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents. e) Instead of being annoyed(苦恼)，he seemed quite pleased.
f) It is equally vital that both should be mentioned, otherwise a client, particularly a buyer, could be seriously misled.
g) Unlike most people in the office, I don’t come to work by car.
h) The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.
i) Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor.
5) 表示比较 by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, like, likewise, similarly
a) After months of living in a tropical climate, Spain seemed cool by comparison. b) By comparison with other European countries, car prices in the UK are very high. c) Many business people do not know what sexual harassment is. Equally important, they so not know how to prevent it. d) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.
6) 表示让步 admittedly, after all, all the same, although, certainly, clearly, even so, it is true(that), in spite of, nevertheless, of course, still,
a) The technique id painful, admittedly, but it benefits the patient greatly.
b) I realize she can be very annoying, but I think you should apologize all the same. c) The fines of speeding are large, but even so, they are not always a deterrent(威慑物，制止物)
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d) But in spite of the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made. e) A false belief may nevertheless be justified.
7) 表示结果 accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus.
a) Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly(因此，相应地), measures were taken to clarify them.
b) As many as 2,500 people died as result of the earthquake.
c) The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important consideration.
d) In this way normal healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain.
e) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
8) 表示转折 although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yet. a) In the US it is normal for the police to carry guns, but not in Britain. b) Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks. c) Tom, except for personal letters, handwritten notes are withering into extinction. d) The rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy(舒适的；通风的)
e) There is no important theory-based reason why these countries rather than others were selected. f) They charge(要价) incredibly high prices, yet customers keep coming back for more..
9）表示结论 as has been noted(mentioned, stated), at last, finally, in a word, all in all, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in sum, in summary, to conclude, to sum up , to summarize.
a) The inhabitation as mentioned above, is rarely used.
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b) To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking. 10) 表示顺序 and, besides, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, last , next, to begin with, to start with.
a) To start with, much of this new housing(住房，不可数名词) is not affordable.
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