2012专四听力

Dictation Talk

Survival of English Language Ⅰ. Introduction

—(1) show(s) how English survived Ⅱ. Five periods of its survival 1) 410 CE to the mid-8th century

—(2) mercenaries coming and spreading their language among the Britons

—center of (3): York in Northumbia 2) Mid-8th century to 899

—The Danes replaced the Anglo-Saxons to rule Northumbia, but were

(4) by Alfred of Wessex.

—Alfred’s (5) enabled most of the existing laws and literary works to be in English.

3) 959 to 1066

—England was divided into (6) and English speaking areas. —Canute became ruler of a united kingdom. —Center was moved to London.

—Edward succeeded Canute and English gave way to (7) 4) 1080 to the 17th century

—Written English (8) before the advent of “Provision of Oxford”.

—(9) English appeared in the 17th century. 5) 1837 to today

—English was used widely as a result of (10). 对话1

1. [A] Illustration of lies in marriage. [B] Ways to recognize lies in marriage.

[C] Classification of lies in marriage. [D] Advice on a successful marriage.

2. [A] We intentionally do so. [B] No one tells us how to live in truth.

[C] We are afraid to lose the one we love. [D] No one permits us to know CHIT real self.

3. [A] What we’re good at.[B] What we’re bad at. [C] What works for us or not. [D] What age we are in. 4. [A] It helps future couples know themselves better. [B] It helps people recognize lies in marriage. [C] It helps people build a good life and marriage. [D] It helps married couples save their marriage.

5. [A] Disgusted. [B] Hateful. [C] Objective. [D] Subjective. Conversation Two

6. [A] They are too busy working.

[B] They aren’t aware of the importance of slee p. [C] They have some health problems.

[D] They don’t think sleep can influence health.

7. [A] To sleep at any time in a day as long as one wishes. [B] To sleep at the time when one plans to sleep. [C] To sleep at a very early time at night. [D] To sleep at a very late time at night. 8. [A] Putting sleep ahead of any other things. [B] Preventing having caffeine after breakfast. [C] Making the bedroom comfortable. [D] Preventing taking a long nap in the day. 9. [A] As long as you sleep no more than an hour [B] As long as you sleep one and half hours.

[C] As long as you sleep two hours.

[D] As long as you sleep two and half hours. 10. [A] Differentiation of problem sleepers. [B] Advice for the insomnious people. [C] Necessity of having a good sleep. [D] Different sleep habits of people. Eco-tourism

Nowadays，many of us try to live in a way / that would damage the environment as little as possible. / And we want to take these attitudes on holiday with us. / This is why alternative forms of tourism are becoming popular in the world. / Most people agree that these new forms of tourism should do the following. / First, they should conserve the wildlife and culture of the area. / Second, they should benefit the local people. / Third，they should make a profit without destroying natural resources, / and finally they should provide an experience that tourists want to pay for.

Survival of the English Language

Good morning. Death is a common fate of unwritten languages. (1) But written records of the languages spoken on the island of Britain show us how the English language became the language of the island how it survived. We now turn to those written records.

There are five critical periods in the survival of the English language.

1) 410 CE to the mid-eighth century

Early in the fifth century, Rome recalled its legions and told the Britons to defend themselves.

(2) Rich, unprotected, and attacked from all sides, King Vortigern on the East coast invited Germanic mercenaries: cross

the channel to defend him against his enemies within and without. These mercenaries, mostly Ami and Saxon clans of Germanic

peoples,

called

their

language

“englisc”

(pronounced “anglish”).

The language of the Germanic mercenaries became the language of the conquered area. (3) From the seventh through the mid-eighth centuries York in Northumbria, famed for its schools and for its literary productions was the center of the English-speaking world.

2) Mid-eighth century to 899

By the mid 700’s, the Anglo-Saxons were on the receiving end of slaughter and ruined by Danish (4) Eventually, Alfred forced the Danes back. Danish Northumbria submitted to Alfred in 886.

(5) Due to Alfred’s education programs，most of the existing laws，poems, songs and stories were m West Saxon dialect of his Wessex. Alfred died in 899.

3) 959 to 1066

In 959, King Edgar, the great-grandson of Alfred, ruled both Danes and Saxons in England.

The incompetent King Ethelred the Unready succeeded Edgar. He could not control the Danes. (6) More Danes invaded; civil war followed. This second time，violent battles ended in a tie. The Danish leader, Canute, and Saxon King-elect, Edmund Ironsides，divided the country into Danish and English speaking areas. Two years later, Edmund died；Canute became King of all England in 1018. With Canute the center of literary production moved to London. English remained a written language.

Widower Canute wedded Emma, daughter of the Duke of Normandy. She was the mother of Ed who became king after

Canute’s heir from his marriage to Emma died. (7) Raised in Normandy, Edward preferred the French. In 1066, the French-speaking Normans conquered England. Norman French, based in London, became the only language of literature, law, and court. This third time, English became the language of the brutally oppressed illiterate. The language again seemed heading for extinction.

4) 1080 to the 17th century

(8) After 1080, only a few written documents in English appeared: a last chronicle entry in 1134; a manual for religious women from around 1200. During the twelfth and most of the thirteenth centuries, we have no written records of English laws, poetry, songs, or stories. In 1258 the bilingual French-English “Provisions of Oxford”, granting some rights to barons, showed up as the first public document in English in more than 200 years.

In the fifteenth century, English gave further signs of renewed life. In 1413, King Henry Ⅳwrote the first royal will in English. Religious plays were in English. By the late sixteenth century, we see the flowering of English theater with Shakespeare and Marlowe and Jason. (9) Modern English arrived in the 17th century. The English language won this “Battle of Britain”.

5) 1837 to today

In the nineteenth century, the “sun never set on the Britain Empire”was in the English Language. (10) By the twentieth century, the Empire included India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Bermuda. English, of course, was also the language of the United States.

Today, not surprisingly, the English language is global in use. 对话1

W：When couples get married，they often promise to love，honor and cherish each other. Too traditional wedding vows turn out to be nothing but empty promises. Psychologist Dr. Robin it doesn’t have to be that way.⑴His new book Lies at the Altar offers advice on building a happy and healthy marriage. Dr. Robin, good morning!

M: Good morning!

W: The book is written for everyone, right?

M: Yeah. Lies at the Altar is talking about living more in truth than in lie.

W: (2-1) When you say lies at the altar, these are not intentional lies. It’s you who think you know who you are，but actually not.

M: You don’t know who you are and often unfortunately (2-2) because of the models that we’ve had in our families also on television. There hasn't been anyone who has given us permission，who has shown us the path into living more in the truth，so we’re afraid to let someone know who we are. Because maybe they won’t love us，maybe they won’t choose us，and maybe they’ll decide that’s not the person that they want to spend their life with.

W: Do you feel that many people, men and women, not only cover up who they really are to their significant other but to themselves?

M: Absolutely. I think it starts actually with the cover-up to yourself being an impostor, and again，(5) not because we are bad，not because we are liars，not because we are indulgent，but because we are afraid of knowing who we really are，because we think we are going to lose out on choices and opportunities, not knowing that how we really lose out is by being the impostor，

who is the cheater, the thief and the robber.

W：So how do we confront who we really are?

M：Well, there’re several things. One, I always ask people to tell me something great about themselves, and then tell me what some of their limitations are. I came in the book and talked about showing up as a grown-up, part of being mature. (3) And grown-up isn’t age. It's about knowing who I am，what works for me，what doesn’t，what my values are.

W：You have 276 questions here for someone to ask themselves. If they are hopeful future mates，answering these questions honestly can really help them figure out if the two of them should be together.

M：Absolutely, and then we want to be aware if you haven’t got married yet, It’s great. (4-1) Because you can go on this and use it as an exploring mission where I get to know me，I get to know you, and not to be afraid of the truth，because we are scared，because we haven’t really learned that the truth will make us free. It，s the only foundation to a good, strong life and marriage. (4-2) Where it is really useful for married couples is that they can track：oh，that's where we've been stuck, and we don't have to throw marriages out. There’re too many people gettin g divorced who actually have marriages that can work and be saved, but they don’t have the tools and “Lies at the Altar” is one.

W：It’s a great book. Now I know why，it’s No. 1 in its category on The New York Times.

M：Thank you!

1. What is the main idea of Lies at the Altar?

2. Which of the following is NOT the reason why we lie? 3. Which of the following is the one we don’t know as a

grown-up?

4. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the book?

5. What is the author’s attitude towards lies i n marriage? 对话2

M: With the hassles of life and other tough hours in the day，more and more people are getting by on less and less sleep. What can you do to get more effective rest? Joining us now is Dr. Joanne Getsy, medical director of the Drexel sleep center. Dr. Getsy，welcome!

W：Good morning!

M: We talk about insomnious people who can，t seem to get to sleep. But there are also some people, including me，who just don，t sleep because we，re just too busy. So how do you separate the two?

W：Oh，I think most people who complain of trouble sleeping are really in your category. (6 - 1) There is just the 24-hour world? but we have too much to do，so there is just not enough time for sleep. And I think the important thing is that people don't understand the importance of sleep.

M：(6-2) It is not a luxury，but something about health. Many people don't realize that, however.

W：Yes! The important thing is to keep a schedule. (7) People who have trouble sleeping really need to keep the schedule where they schedule when their sleep is going to be. We must try to find the time when we，re going to be asleep and the time when we must stay awake.

M：Let’s talk about something you call “sleep hygiene”--- the tips you say anyone can use to improve their habits. (8-1) No. 1, “Make sleep a priority”.

W: Well, that’s hard. I mean we have so many responsibilities in the world. But if you find that your sleeplessness is disturbing the way you feel during the day, you have to make it a priority.

M：And then (8-2) “Make your bedroom comfortable”. Are we talking about mattress and pillow or lighting?

W：Well, both! I mean all of the above that needs to be comfortable and cozy. You shouldn’t have your computer in your bedroom or be paying your bills while you are lying in bed. It ought to be comfortable and inviting.

M: We all know that caffeine will keep us awake. But you say (8 - 3) “Don’t have caffeine after lunch”.Someone’s going to bed at nine or ten. I mean does it really stay with them that long?

W: Caffeine can stay with you up to 10 hours. And so you have to make sure you stop if it’s bothering you and if you have trouble sleeping. You shouldn’t have caffeine after lunchtime.

M：I’m reading the next tip：(8-4) “Don’t take a nap during the day.”

W：Well. I think naps are good. If they are people who have a crazy schedule and can’t get to sleep, and maybe tonight have something else that they have to do, a nap is good. It，s going to revive them.

M: Do you like a twenty-minute nap or two-hour nap? I mean is too much bad?

W: (9) Too much is too bad. You have to keep it less than 45 minutes. If not, you will sleep and wake up feeling worse instead of better.

M: Alright. Getsy, thank you for being here with us. W: Nice to see you.