时态及语态：
一、 时态：
1、一般现在时：
（1）结构：
be动词用：am, is, are
实义动词用：do/does（第三人称单数：he/she/it）
（2）用法：表示经常、反复发生的动作
always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, rarely, once/twice a week, every two weeks….
2、一般过去时：
（1）结构：
be动词用：was, were
实义动词用：did（过去式）
every day/week/month/year,
（2）用法：表示过去某时发生的动作
yesterday, last week/month/year, …ago, in the past, in 1981, the other day, 去世的人….
注意：
（1）after的用法：表示从过去某时间开始向后推算，需用过去时
He left his hometown in 1995 and came back after 3 years.
（2）used to do 过去常常（曾经，现在已经不做了）
My father used to play basketball when he was young.
比较：be used to 习惯于，这里的to是介词，后面需要跟上名词或动名词
I am used to the life in Shanghai.
I am used to living in Shanghai.
3、现在进行时：
（1）结构：am/is/are + doing（现在分词）
（2）用法：
(a)表示说话时正在发生的动作：look, listen, now
Look! It’s raining outside.
(b)表示现阶段发生的动作：these days
What are you doing these days?
(c)表示即将发生的动作，动词通常是：go, come, arrive, leave
My father is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
Mary is arriving in Shanghai next week.
(d)表示某种情绪：
She always helps others. 陈述事实
She is always helping others.表示赞美
4、过去进行时：
（1）结构：was/were + doing（现在分词）
（2）用法：表示过去某时刻正在发生的动作：
this time yesterday, at 9 last night, at that moment….
注意：表示故事背景的动词（延续性动词用过去进行时），表示突发的动作（瞬间动词用一般过去时）
When I was walking along the street, I saw a movie star.
What were you doing when the fire broke out?
5、现在完成时：
（1）结构：have/has（第三人称：he/she/it）+ done（过去分词）
（2）用法：
（a）从过去开始的动作，持续到现在：
I have learnt English for 12 years.
I have learnt English since 1995.
注意：瞬间动词作完成时态不可以加上for一段时间
“我哥哥参军已经三年了”（中译英）
My brother has joined the army for three years.（误）
如改为：My brother joined the army three years ago. 语法上是对的，但是一般过去时只能表示当时发生的事情，至于后来如何没有办法来表现，因此这样翻译还是不完整。
如改为：My brother has joined the army. He joined it three years ago.略显啰嗦。
因此需要找到一个可以代替join的延续性动词：
My brother has been in the army for three years.
My brother has been an armyman for three years.
（b）过去发生的动作对现在的影响，表示“已经发生了”。（因果关系）
He broke his leg.
He has broken his leg. He cannot move now.
Mary has read the book so she knows the story.
He has gone abroad, making his parents very lonely.
6、过去完成时：
（1）结构：had+ done（过去分词）
（2）用法：表示在过去某时之前已经发生的动作（先后顺序）
When he arrived at the station, the train had already left.
When he arrived at the cinema, the movie had been on for 10 minutes. (be on 上映，放映)
这里不可以用begin或start，因为它们是瞬间动词
7、将来时：
（1）结构：
（a）am/is/are going to do
计划安排打算：I am going to study abroad.
即将发生：It is going to rain.
（b）will/shall（用于第一人称I, we）+ do
Shall I open the door for you?
Shall we all go out for lunch?
（c）am/is/are to do
（d）am/is/are about to do
（2）用法：表示将来发生的动作
Tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the future, in 2 days, in 2008….
8、过去将来时：
多用于间接引语：
他说：“我下周去看你”。—〉他说他下周来看我。
He said, ‘I will come to see you next week.’
He said he would come to see me the next week.
She said she had had enough and would not have any more
二、语态
主动语态：人do事
被动语态：事be +done by人
例：我(I)打扫(clean)房间(room)。
1. I clean the room every day.
The room is cleaned every day.
2. I cleaned the room yesterday.
The room was cleaned yesterday.
3. I am cleaning the room now.
The room is being cleaned now.
4. I was cleaning the room this time yesterday.
The room was being cleaned this time yesterday.
5. I have already cleaned the room.
The room has already been cleaned.
6. I had cleaned the room before my mum came back.
The room had been cleaned before my mum came back.
7. I will clean the room tomorrow.
The room will be cleaned tomorrow.
8. I said I would clean the room the next day.
I said the room would be cleaned the next day.
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