基于低空多光谱遥感的城市水质监测方法研究

地理空间信息GEOSPATIAL INFORMATIONJul.,2020Vol.18,No.7基于低空多光谱遥感的城市水质监测方法研究

胡震天1，周　源2

（1.南宁市勘察测绘地理信息院，广西 南宁 530001；2.上海同繁勘测工程科技有限公司，上海 200092）

摘 要：提出了一种地面建模与地空定标相结合的低空多光谱遥感观测方法，可准确、动态地监测城市水质状况。通过采集地面水样水质的浊度、pH值、COD、硝氮、总磷和氨氮等6类水质参数以及水样水体的光谱信息，建立二者的关联关系，同时进行低空多光谱遥感观测，验证低空多光谱遥感观测数据与地面水体水质参数的相关性。结果表明，低空多光谱遥感数据与总磷、氨氮、pH值和浊度的相关性均超过60%，与总磷、氨氮、浊度的相关性超过70%；且不同水质水体在低空遥感影像中有明显区别，因此低空遥感技术具备定性水质分析的能力，且在定量水质分析中具有较强的发展空间。关键词：无人机；多光谱遥感；水质监测；城市环境中图分类号：P237 文献标志码：B

文章编号：1672-4623（2020）07-0004-05

城市水环境反映了城市的宜居指数，决定着城市的生态水平。城市水体水质动态监测能及时反映城市水环境污染状况，有利于制定精细的城市水体治理管理方案，改善和提高环境质量。传统的水环境监测方法包括人工移动监测和测站监测，但这种点状分布的监测数据不能反映水域面状的连续特点，且人工获取数据成本较高，处理效率较低。随着空间技术的发展，卫星遥感监测技术具有覆盖面广、空间性强等特点，因此越来越多的学者将卫星遥感技术应用于城市水体质量监测中，并与传统方法相结合提供了更多的分析手段。

现有的水质遥感监测手段主要包括卫星遥感监测、航空遥感监测和无人机低空遥感监测。Shareef M A

[1]

选取上海市黄浦江全河段水体31个典型站位进行调查研究，分析了TP、TN、BOD5、DO、悬浮物浓度、浊度等9个水质指标，并指出了水质参数之间存在的较大相关性，建立了常规水质参数与水体光谱反射率之间的关系模型，为利用遥感技术监测水环境提供了基础；ZANG W Q

[6]

等则利用固定翼无人机对云南省大

理市、重庆云阳县等我国西南地区水体污染状况进行了调研，并提供了很多有价值的实验经验。

然而，面对城市小而多的毛细河道水系，这些监测方法仍存在以下问题：①遥感卫星的空间分辨率无法满足城市毛细水系的观测需求，时间分辨率无法满足长期观测的需求；②无论是航空还是航天遥感，由于观测距离远，大气传输将引入误差，影响观测模型精度；③多光谱无人机波长不够丰富，高光谱无人机作业面积无法覆盖。

本文提出了一种地面建模与地空定标相结合的低空多光谱遥感观测方法，能准确、动态地监测城市水质状况。该方法首先同时采集地面水样水质参数和水样光谱信息，并建立二者的关联关系；然后在研究区同步观测特定的光谱信息，并建立水质参数观测模型。该方法覆盖度高、机动性强、分辨率高，在定量水质分析中具有较强的发展空间。

等提出了一种整合Landsat8 OLI热红外影像和TerraSAR-X雷达影像数据来评估水体电导率、盐度和温度等参数的方法，并成功应用于巴格达市（伊拉克首都）的蒂格里斯河；Rostom N G

[2]

等在2014年利用高光谱遥感

数据和实验室数据，对Mariut湖的温度、pH值、浊度、溶解氧、叶绿素浓度和原油污染等水质参数进行了快速评估和预测模型分析； Keith D J

[3]

等校正了大气

影响的HICO高光谱影像，并反演得到佛罗里达州西北海岸4个河口的叶绿素浓度、有色溶解有机物质和浊度，从而对河口海岸的生态环境进行评估；CHENG P

[4]

等在研究陕西渭河的基础上，基于SPOT-5遥感影像设计并实现了一个遥感水质监测系统，并对其系统结构和关键技术进行了描述，准确高效地了解了水质信息，提高了水质监测的有效性；GONG C L

[5]

1监测实验与研究方法

1.1 研究区概况

为了保证观测环境可控、监测数据准确、结论可靠，本文选取污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室位于上海市嘉定区同济大学嘉定校区的室外水体实验

等利用地物

光谱测量技术以及同步配套的常规水质采样分析实验，

收稿日期：2019-08-23。

项目来源：2017年南宁市科学研究与技术开发计划资助项目（20175033）。

第18卷第7期胡震天等：基于低空多光谱遥感的城市水质监测方法研究

保持平稳。1.2 实验组设置

·5·

场所作为观测目标（图1a）。该区域贯穿在大学校园内，包括同济新开河、小吴塘和新河港3条主要水系，水域面积约为0.5 km2，水系总长约为5 km，平均水深为2.5 m，水体质量状况稳定。实验时天气晴朗，水域在实验前一个月内均无特殊情况污染，水体水质状况

实验场内，观测组对象为蕰藻浜支流水体，根据水体所处环境，测试水体被分为5个区域（图1b）分别进行水质参数测量。

a 实验区域 b 实验组划分

图1　遥感动态水质监测区域图例

1.3 实验监测1.3.1　水样水质监测

水样水质监测工作由污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室负责，共采集浊度、pH值、COD、硝氮、总磷和氨氮6类水质参数，各参数均通过现场采水实验室分析的方法采集。其中，采用岛津Shimadzu UV2600/2700 紫外可见分光光度计进行氨氮、硝氮和总磷含量的提取；采用哈希DR2800便携式分光光度计进行COD测量；采用哈希2100Q浊度仪进行浊度测量；采用哈希 HQ40d 便携式水质分析仪进行pH值测量。

1.3.2　地物光谱监测

水体地物光谱采集用于检测检定水样水质与低空遥感数据特定波段的相关性。地物光谱仪采用ASDHandHeld2，其辐射溯源与低空多光谱遥感传感器同级同源，可认为它们在相同的波段下对地物辐射亮度的响应具有高度一致性。为了保证水质采样数据与低空遥感数据在时间和空间上的同步性，本文利用该光谱仪在水质采样相同的位置同步进行采样。地物光谱仪采用水体光谱专用标准，漫反射板采用中科院安光所生产的聚四氟乙烯面板。地物光谱采样概况如图2所示，按照标准版测量规范，测量时考虑了太阳高度角和方位角的影响，避免了阴影的干扰。1.3.3　无人机低空遥感数据采集

无人机低空遥感采用同繁“极视一号”低空多光谱航摄仪对实验区域内的水体进行数据采集。“极视一

号”航摄仪起飞重量为10 kg，单架次执行任务时间为35 min。在实验区域内，规划观测测区为0.5 km2，航行时间为15 min，航行高度为300 m，采集有效影像192幅、搭载波5个，其中包括红绿蓝3个可见光波段以及500 nm和675 nm窄带多光谱波段。1.3.4　基于遥感数据的水质反演

将同步采集的水体地物光谱和水质样本指标检测结果作为一组数据，对多次采集的多组数据进行相关性分析和回归分析，可获得水质指标的反演模型。反演模型的技术路线为：输入归一化反射率曲线和各水质指标检测数据，采用单波段归一化反射率、归一化反射率取对数、归一化反射率取一阶导、归一化反射率两两比值4种反射率处理方法分别与水质指标数据进行相关性计算，再根据相关性选择反射率处理方法以及用于水质反演的波段，并将二者的关系进行回归分析，最终输出反演模型。

图2　地物光谱仪采样场景

·6·地理空间信息

r(R,I)=

cov(R,I)var[R]var[I]第18卷第7期

2实验结果分析

2.1 水样水质检测结果

通过分析5个观测水体11月—次年1月的3期水体采样结果，得到6项指标，共计15组数据，如表1所示。其中，J1.11.1～J1.11.5为第一期采样结果，J1.18.1～J1.18.5为第二期采样结果，J2.1.1～J2.1.5为第三期采样结果。

表1　蕰藻浜支流水样水质参数表

编号J1.11.1J1.11.2J1.11.3J1.11.4J1.11.5J1.18.1J1.18.2J1.18.3J1.18.4J1.18.5J2.1.1J2.1.2J2.1.3J2.1.4J2.1.5

浊度/NTU21.78.46.469.171924.95.077.99.829.0627.58.048.3710.117.1

pH7.158.467.937.537.347.368.057.917.747.657.47.97.97.767.57

COD/（mg/l）22.1816.3912.9721.6616.9221.3917.7119.2917.9722.9717.9712.9719.8218.7617.97

氨氮/（mg/l）4.617 10.411 920.422 560.436 620.425 826.831 040.976 921.771 783.389 543.559 946.434 50.584 241.356 523.074 82.951 16

硝氮/（mg/l）3.039 322.342 482.866 43.414 963.583 623.292 722.417 742.932 123.524 263.532 123.791 122.583 482.878 563.328 663.935 04

总磷/（mg/l）0.111 080.040 630.043 140.059 530.1010.106 030.039 240.048 610.064 060.069 630.108 370.043 790.053 40.077 520.076 76

式中，R为光谱反射率；I为水质参数；cov(R,I)为R与I的协方差；var[R]为R的方差；var[I]为I的方差。

由此可见，“极视一号”搭载的675nm波段和 500 nm波段与总磷、氨氮、pH值和浊度具有较强的相关性。如图4所示，其中675 nm波段与浊度、总磷和氨氮的相关性均超过正相关70%，与pH值的相关性超过负相关60%。如图5所示，浊度与675 nm波段反射率具有较强的相关性；而其他水质参数因水样变化较小、数值变化不大，还未体现出较强的相关性，有待继续增加水样水质观测，以获取更多的数据用于分析其他水质参数的光谱特性。2.3 低空遥感影像数据

在第三期水样水质采样中，同步进行了低空遥感影像数据采集，获取了实验区域0.5 km2的RGB真彩色影像、500 nm波段影像和675 nm波段影像，共计192组，采集用时15 min，数据成图用时2 h，数据成果如图6所示；并利用水面识别算法自动提取了 5个观测水体的遥感影像区块（图7）。

通过自主研发的聚类分析算法，对观测水体影像区块中的多光谱遥感影像数据进行了针对水质特征的影像聚类分析。将实验区域内的水体分为优、良、中、差4个等级，用于相对定性分析；划分依据为 GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》7，其中劣5类水质等级为差，5类水质等级为中，4类水质等级为良，3类以及更优水质等级为优，结果如图8所示。

[]

2.2 地物光谱结果

利用地物光谱对不同水质水体400～900 nm光谱特性进行观测，5个观测水体3期地物反射光谱特征如图3所示。

将地物光谱特征与同期水质参数进行相关性分析，则相关系数的计算公式为：

a 1号水体光谱b 2号水体光谱c 3号水体光谱

d 4号水体光谱e 5号水体光谱

图3　5个观测水体3期地物反射光谱特征

第18卷第7期胡震天等：基于低空多光谱遥感的城市水质监测方法研究·7·

图4　低空多光谱遥感波段与水质参数相关性分析　　　　　　　　　　图5　浊度与675 nm波段反射率线性的相关性

a RGB影像b 500 nm假彩色影像c 675 nm假彩色影像

图6　低空多光谱遥感影像数据

a 1号水体b 2号水体c 3号水体d 4号水体e 5号水体

图7　测试水体影像区块图

a 1号水体b 2号水体

优

良

c 3号水体

中

差

d 4号水体e 5号水体

图8　水体等级划分结果

本文利用自主研发的多光谱遥感影像水体水质聚类分析算法得到的相对定性分析结果与第三期水样水质结果的吻合度较高。1号水体与其他水体分属蕰藻浜的两个支流，两个支流水体虽均属4类水体，但1号水体所在支流水质差于其他水体所在支流。实验室水质分析结果与低空多光谱遥感数据分析结果均准确反映了该结论。

3结　语

低空多光谱遥感数据与水体水质参数具有较强的

相关性。在本文实验中，虽然水样样本数量较少（仅 5个采样点，每个采样点采集3期数据，共15组数据），但在一些特定波段已呈现出与重点水质参数强相关的特点。此外，研究不同水质参数对不同光谱反射

·8·地理空间信息第18卷第7期率的响应及其机制，以及研究不同波段反射率对水质参数的联合响应机制，联合多个波段光谱遥感数据进行水质监测，将进一步扩大低空多光谱遥感在水质监测中的应用潜力。低空多光谱遥感技术具有其他方法无可比拟的高精度和高效率。本文实验区域仅0.5 km2，但水系形态分布复杂，校内区域通行限制诸多，因此对5个样区进行人工采样的时间约为1 h；而无人机系统仅15 min即可完成整个区域的完整数据覆盖。水样水质数据量和多样性的增加将进一步提高低空多光谱遥感在水质参数定量与定性分析中的准确度与可靠性。本文仅通过15组水质参数数据进行了低空多光谱遥感的相关性分析，硝氮、COD等部分参数因水质参数变化不大，无法形成有效的相关性分析结论。随着水质数据采集量的增加，基于低空遥感的水质监测应用范围的扩大，将进一步提高低空多光谱遥感技术可监测的水质参数数量和监测精度。

低空多光谱遥感水质监测技术是上海市城市水域摸排监测的有力工具。本文初步验证了低空多光谱遥感观测技术监测城市水体水质参数的可行性与可靠性，该技术的机动性、高效性远超传统人工排查手段。作为完全自主知识产权的系统，该技术涵盖了硬件制造、检定标准、数据处理、智能分析和跨平台网络发布等整个技术链条，确保了应用的可用性、可靠性和可推广性。除了水质定性/定量分析功能外，该技术还具备强大的空间覆盖度，利用空间分析技术，更可在水质监测的同时一并完成水面率、土方量、绿化率等空间统计任务。针对上海市水网复杂、毛细水体繁多、水

务工程建设频繁的特点，该技术通过需求驱动，可定制化完成不同区域覆盖度、不同观测精度和观测任务的水体监测方案。利用该技术进行长效往复观测，将为上海市水体治理过程留下宝贵的历史影像数据资料，更能为水环境变化预测、水务监管决策提供客观、有力的依据。参考文献[1] Shareef M A, Khenchaf A, Toumi A. Integration of Passive and Active Microwave Remote Sensing to Estimate Water Quality Parameters[C]. Radar Conference,2016:1-4[2] Rostom N G, Shalaby A A, Yousry I M, et al. Evaluation of Mariut

Lake Water Quality Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Laboratory Works[J]. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science,2017,20(1):39-48

[3] Keith D J, Schaeffer B A, Lunetta R S, et al. Remote Sensing of

Selected Water-quality Indicators with the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean(HICO)Sensor[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2014,35(9):2 927-2 962

[4] CHENG P, WANG X L.The Design and Implementation of

Remote-sensing Water Quality Monitoring System Based on SPOT-5[C]. Iita International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2010

[5] GONG C L, YIN Q, KUANG D B. Correlations Between Water

Quality Indexes and Reflectance Spectra of Huangpujiang River[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing,2006,10(6):910-916

[6] ZANG W Q, LIN J Y , WANG Y C, et al. Investigating Small-scale Water Pollution with UAV Remote Sensing Technology[C]. World Automation Congress,2012:1-4

[7] 国家环境保护总局与国家质量监督检验检疫总局.地表水环

境质量标准: GB 3838-2002[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002第一作者简介：胡震天，硕士，高级工程师，注册测绘师，研究方向为无人机低空遥感技术、倾斜摄影技术、传感器检校等。

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·IV·GEOSPATIAL INFORMATIONIndex(Vol.18,No.7)

Differentiation and Identification of Regional Ecological Disturbance in Henan Province Abstractby GUO Leidata of geographical conditions census, combining with population, GDP and Taking Henan Province as the research area, based on the monitoring other statistical data, we used the natural spatial coverage, human disturbance intensity and other indicators to analyze the distribution and disturbance characteristics of regional ecological spatial pattern in Henan Province. The results show that the spatial pattern of regional natural ecology and the characteristics of regional human disturbance in Henan Province show obvious coupling. The spatial boundary of the surface ecological disturbance intensity is obvious. On the whole, the intensity of human disturbance in the north and east are high, and the natural spatial coverage are low. The eastern region of “Xiang-Ji Line”, which accounts for about 50population and contributes 72% of the provincewith a high intensity of human disturbance in Henan Province. In the western % of the province’s land area, carries 64% of the province’s GDP, is a concentrated area ’s region of degree of human disturbance is relatively low, which is the key area of ecological “Xiang-Ji Line”, the natural vegetation has a good background and the protection and maintenance in the whole province.

Key words“Xiang-Ji Line”, Henan Province geographical conditions, ecological disturbance, ecological pattern, (Page:1)Research on Urban Water Quality Monitoring Method Based on Low-altitude Multi-spectral Remote Sensing Abstractby HU Zhentianspectral remote sensing observation combined with ground modeling and In this paper, we proposed a novel method of low-altitude multi-ground-based calibration, which could accurately and dynamically monitor urban water quality. Firstly, we collected the spectral information and six types of water quality parameters, including turbidity, pH, COD, nitrate, total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen, and established the correlation between them. And then, we carried out low-altitude multi-spectral remote sensing observation, and studied the correlation between spectral data and surface water quality parameters. The results show that different water bodies have obvious differences in low-altitude remote sensing images, the correlations between low-altitude multi-spectral remote sensing data and total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, pH and turbidity exceed 60between total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and turbidity exceed 70%, and the correlations concluded that low-altitude remote sensing technology has demonstrated %. It’s great capability in qualitative water quality analysis and has good prospects for development.

Key wordsenvironment (Page: UAV, multi-spectral remote sensing, water quality monitoring, urban 4)Review of the Applications of GIS Technology in the Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Design Abstractby MIAO Zhenghonghydropower engineering design and planning exhibition, which can promote the GIS is a powerful tool for the modernization of water conservancy and development of water conservancy informatization. In this paper, we described the basic concept and the basic functions of GIS, the specific application in the main stage of water conservancy and hydropower engineering design, and the future development trend. The results show that GIS technology has a good application prospect in the macro design of water conservancy and hydropower engineering, environmental migration and impact assessment, geological exploration and hydrology and water resources. 4DGIS, “Internet+WebGIS” and BIM+GIS will become the main development directions of the water conservancy and hydropower engineering design, which will promote the development of water conservancy information modernization.

Key words virtual reality, 4DGIS, water conservancy and hydropower (Page:9)Application of Stereoscopic Mapping Technology of WorldView-2 Satellite Image Abstractby SUI Youzhonghigh-resolution satellite images to produce the 1 In the context of a working area in Saudi Arabia, we used WorldView-2 In this paper, we discussed the algorithm and the transforming process of WGS84 ∶10 000 digital topographic map. into UTM coordinate system, and introduced the production process of digital topographic map using WorldView-2 high-resolution satellite images in 1∶10 000 detail. Through the comparison of drawing precision, we verified the reliability of producing 1satellite images, which could meet the precision requirement of 1∶10 000 digital topographic map using WorldView-2 high-resolution topographic map production, and even achieve the requirement of 1∶topographic map production. The digital topographic map produced by high-∶10 000 digital 5 000 digital resolution satellite image can reduce the time of surveying and mapping to some extent, and improve production efficiency, which can provide experience and reference for surveying and mapping technicians in similar projects.

Key wordsresolution satellite image Gauss-Kruger projection, UTM projection, WorldView-2 high-(Page:13)

Research on the Construction of Geopolitics Environmental Extended

IndicatorAbstractgeopolitics environment. The existing software or research cannot meet the

The extended indicator is the basis for the quantitative analysis of the

by FENG Changqiang

construction needs of the geopolitics environmental extended indicator, which

can only be manually created by the user based on the basic indicators. Firstly,

we introduced the organization mode of geopolitics environment thematic

statistical indicators and the special functions in the construction of extended

indicator. And then, we studied construction method of extended indicator,

including the analysis, inspection, conversion and calculation of the expression of geopolitics environmental extended indicator. Finally, we improved the existing expression conversion algorithm to support the expressions with function nesting and multi-parameter functions, which could construct geopolitics environmental extended indicators flexibly and rapidly.

Key wordsconstruction, expression conversion geopolitics, thematic statistical indicator, extended indicator (Page:17)Research on Event Modeling Framework Based on Multi-granular Spatio-temporal Object Abstractby CHEN Datemporal object is proposed to construct a multi-dimensional dynamic world In the pan-spatial information system, the multi-granular spatio-under spatio-temporal big data. Due to the complex characteristics of multi-granular spatio-temporal objects, the event modeling methods and theories based on traditional geographical entities can not meet the need of pan-spatial information system. It's necessary to study the changing characteristics of multi-granular spatio-temporal objects and its event modeling theory. In this paper, we analyzed the topological relationships between objects and events, summarized the characteristics and laws of multi-granular spatio-temporal objects, proposed the event structure and its modeling process, and summarized three kinds of relationships and driving modes of the events. On the basis of these, we built a prototype system of event modeling, and taking a ship confrontation event in a certain sea area for example, carried out modeling and preliminary visual expression, which achieved good effects.

Key wordsevent modeling, ship confrontation event pan-spatial information system, multi-granular spatio-temporal object, (Page:21)Application of UAV Oblique Photommetry in Large Scale Mapping Abstractby LI Zhihuisystem components and project implementation of UAV oblique photommetry In this paper, we introduced the working principle, technical advantages, technology at first. And then, combining with the topographic map surveying and mapping project, we carried out 3D modeling and accuracy assessment, which could demonstrate the feasibility of the technology in practical application. Finally, we prospected the application prospect of this technology.

Key wordsaccuracy assessment UAV oblique photommetry, image data acquisition, 3D modeling, (Page:26)Research on Geographical Spatial Information Data Construction Tin 3D Simulation Map echnology Abstractin the South China University of Technology, we used the methods of field Based on the construction experience of 3D simulation map system by LI Zhishengacquisition and multi-source data processing patching to complete the preparation of basic data construction, and explored the key technologies, implementation standards and process of data generation and 3D simulation map construction in 3D model visualization. And then, we used SOA and loosely coupled mode to integrate multiple subsystems and database groups, which could make geospatial data more scientific and rational in organization, storage and use.

Key wordssystem, data construction, 3D simulation data acquisition, geospatial information, SOA architecture, map (Page:30)Quality Control Analysis of Element Data in Geographical Conditions Monitoring Abstractby LIU Qiin Shanxi Province, by comparing the similarities and differences in national Based on the production practice of geographical conditions monitoring census, we systematically summarized the key processes which affecting the quality of the geographical conditions element monitoring data. And then, combining with the production practice, we proposed the corresponding quality control scheme, which could provide a reference for the following effective geographical conditions monitoring.

Key words change information collection, quality control geographical conditions monitoring, geographical conditions element,(Page:34)Accuracy Improvement and Application Analysis of UAV Aerial Surveying Abstractby XIANG Songboimprovement methods of UAV aerial surveying quality. And then, we summarized In this paper, we expounded the advantages of UAV, and discussed the the improvement method of the image matching accuracy through the accuracy results of adjustment and DOM effect, and made accuracy statistics and reliability analysis of the terrain surveying results based on Full Resolution UAV aerial surveying method through specific engineering projects.

Key words (Page: UAV aerial photography, accuracy, image matching, application analysis 38)

Design and Application of “MapWorld·Abstractinformation in Xinjiang and a part of Digital China. How to accelerate the “MapWorld·Xinjiang” is the only public service platform of geographical Xinjiang” Platform by LI Siyuconstruction of “MapWorldservice functions are the urgent problems to be solved. In this paper, we mainly ·Xinjiang”, further enrich data resources and improve elaborated the construction of “MapWorldcurrent situation and platform design.·Xinjiang” from the aspects of the Key words “MapWorld·Xinjiang”, platform, design, application (Page:41)