高中英语 阅读理解之主旨大意题

阅读理解之主旨大意题 1. 了解主旨大意题目的提问方式 2. 了解主旨大意及标题的特点 3. 能够找出文章的主题句 如何找出文章的主题句或概括文章主要内容 同上 课 题 教学目标 重 点 难 点 阅读理解主旨大意题

【Part One:阅读全攻略(reading strategies)】 一、 阅读技巧小“tips” （一）

题型特点

做此类题目时，首先要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用稳重主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 （二）

题干表现形式

1. 常见的标题型题干

（1） The best title/headline for this passage might be ______________. （2） The text (passage) could be entitled __________________________. （3） What is the best title for the passage?

（4） Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2. 常见的主题型题干

（1） This passage chiefly deals with ___________________________. （2） What is the subject discussed in the text? （3） With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? （4） What’s the topic of the article? （5） What is the main idea of the passage? 3. 目的类主旨大意题

（1） The

author’s

main

purpose

in

writing

the

passage

is

__________________.

（2） The passage is mainly about ___________________________. （3） The purpose of this article is _______________________________. （三）

应试技巧 1. 主题句的特点

（1） 主题句所表达的意思具有概括性。

（2） 句子结构简单明了，作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为

文章的主题句。

（3） 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释，说明，论证或

扩展。

2. 如何寻找主题句

（1） 文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释，支撑或发展主题

句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。请看下一高考真题：

Jane Clark, fair-haired, blue-eyed and tough as steel, has just won the most difficult race in the world.In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge(雪橇)across 1,050 miles of the Arctic Circle and through some of the most difficult land in the world. In bitter(刺骨的)winds and snow-storms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached-38℃.When Jane was asked how she felt about being the first woman ever to win the race she said, \"I still can't believe it.\" She then went over to inspect her thirteen wild-eyed dogs. David Wilson, who came second, said, \"It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you. But it doesn't hurt for long. She was a good winner.\"

（ ）Question： Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?

A. Woman wins the world's toughest race! B. Woman fights bitter winds and snow-storms!

C. Woman wins a sledge race in the world! D. Woman drives a dog team across the Arctic!

这篇文章的首句就是主题句，其后的句子或是具体说明“世界上最困难的比赛“，或是从侧面说明赢得这场比赛的不易。本篇的终结句进一步呼应了主题句。所以答案是_____________。

（2） 文尾。在表述细节后，归纳要点，印象，结论建议或结果，以概括

主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。

On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time!

（ ）What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?

A. The roller skates needed further improvement. B. The party guests

took Merlin for a fool.

C. Merlin succeeded beyond expectation. D. Merlin got himself

into trouble.

2

这段文字从Merlin入场的细节叙述，最后一句做了归纳总结：“很长一段时间大家都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案当然是________________________________.

（3） 文中。有些主题句既不在篇（段）首，也不在篇（段）尾，而是处

于篇章（或段落）的中间。这样的结构往往先以一句或几句为主题句的出现作铺垫，或是交代细节或论据。在主题句出场后，仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或继续给予例证。

这类结构包括三个层次：引题----主题思想-----解释或继续给予例证。从它的写作程序来看，也可分为三部曲：归纳----结论----演绎，即给出一两个例证之后，做出概括性的总结，然后再给予例证来证实其论点。请看下例：

When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down. When a bullet is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have always thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. Yet it does not stay up forever. Finally, like everything else, the plane must come down.

（4） 没有主题句的结构。没有主题句的篇章（或段落），并不是没有主题

思想，它们的主题思想不是由具体的某句话表示的，而是在文中含蓄地存在着，需要读者自己归纳总结。这种结构通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。来看高考真题：

Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten (咬) by snakes. “It was seeing people with snake bites (伤口) that led me to this career,” he said.

In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.

“I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted ‘Bring me the knife!’ Minutes later the man lost his arm forever.”

“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes,” Shu said.

（ ）Question: The best headline (标题) for this newspaper article is .

3

A. Astonishing Medicine

（5） 注意标志词

文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如： On the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus…

I agree with the opinion that…; Given all these points above, I would support the idea that…; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer…

3. 选项的特点 正确选项的特点： • • • • • •

那些概括全文，内容全面，含义深刻，说明道理的选项一般是答案项。 四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项。 以偏概全。只是局部信息，或是一句没有展开论述的评论。

过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述。

把自己的观点强加于作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。

无关联的信息，既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息。

二、 实战操练

（A）

Americans use more water than any other people in the world. If we continue to use water at the rate we do now, we will soon not have enough to meet our needs. In 1980, 40 billion gallons were used each day in the United States. In 1990, 700 billion gallons were used. The average Americans uses almost 90 gallons of water a day for personal use. And much move water is needed to make the things American people like to have. For example, it takes thousands of gallons of water to make one pound of beef for the dinner table. It takes more than 100, 000 gallons of water to make a car. If we include these uses of water, the average American uses about 2000 gallons of water a day.

1. The best title for the passage is _____. A. Water Use in the United States B. The Problem of Water Use C. Water Use in the World

D. Water Use in the Twentieth Century （B）

Halloween is an autumn holiday that Americans celebrate every year. It means \"holy evening,\" and it comes every October 31, the evening before All

B. Farmer Loses Arm

C. Dangerous Bites D. Snake Doctor

错误选项的特点：

4

Saints' Day. However, it is not really a church holiday, it is a holiday for children mainly.

Every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat, children pick large orange pumpkins. Then they cut faces in the pumpkins and put a burning candle inside. It looks as if there were a person looking out of the pumpkin!

The children also put on strange masks and frightening costumes every Halloween. Some children paint their faces to look like monsters. Then they carry boxes or bags from house to house. Every time they come to a new house, they say,\"Trick or treat! Money or eat!\" The grown-ups put treat-money or candy in their bags.

Some children think of other people on Halloween. They carry boxes for UNICEF(The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund). They ask for money to help poor children all around the world. Of course, every time they help UNICEF, they usually receive a treat for themselves, too. ( )2. The best title for the passage probably is ___________.

A. An Autumn Holiday B. A Church Holiday C. A Holiday for Children D. All-Saints

(C)

Who are these people rushing by you in the street? More than 215 million people now call America “home”, but most of them can trace their families back to other parts of the world. If you look at the names on shop windows, you will see that Americans come from many different lands. The idea that these people, who once were strangers to the United States, have lost the customs and cultures of their original countries and have become “American” is really not true. In fact, what exists in America is more often a kind of “side-by-side” living in which groups of people from other countries often have kept many of their customs and habits. They join the general American society only in certain areas of their lives—such as in schools, business, and sports—but they keep many of their own native customs and manners socially and at home. This living “side-by-side” has both advantages and disadvantages. Sometimes it may cause disagreements to develop between groups whose ways of life are very different from one another. However, there are also great advantages that come from the variety of cultures brought by settlers from other lands. There is great freedom of choice among ideas and dress, food, and social customs in America. Everyone can find some part of his or her familiar world in the United States, in churches, music, food, national groups, or newspapers.

( )3. Which is the best title for this passage? A. Advantages and Disadvantages

5

B. Different Customs and Habits C. Home for the people.

D. “Side-by-side” Living Style in American. (D)

Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. Such a person is not really a thief. They are sick and cannot help themselves. All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions. People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them. With medical help they may become normal citizens again. They thinks that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value.

They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.

4. What is the topic of the text? A. Young Thieves. B. An Unusual Illness. C. Reasons for Stealing D. A Normal Child’s Actions.

三、争分夺秒（限时阅读）

词数：3 标准时间：5分钟 完成时间：_______ 正确数：___________

People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking. They try to find a solution by trial and error. However, when all these methods fail, the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six stages in analyzing a problem.

First the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sam’s bicycle is broken, and he cannot read it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle.

Next the thinker must define the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must find out the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must determine if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the frame. He must make his problem more specific.

Now the person must look for information that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions. For instance, suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. At this time, he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears. He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears carefully.

6

After studying the problem, the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an illustration. His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels.

Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes the solution to his problem: he must clean the gear wheels.

Finally the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly. In short , he has solved the problem. 1. What is the best title for this passage? A. Six Stages for Repairing Sam’s Bicycle B. Possible Ways to Problem-solving C. Necessities of Problem Analysis

D. Suggestions for Analyzing a Problem

2. In analyzing a problem we should do all the following except . A. recognize and define the problem

B. look for information to make the problem clearer C. have suggestions for a possible solution D. find a solution by trial or mistake

3. By referring to Sam’s broken bicycle, the author intends to _________. A. illustrate the ways to repair his bicycle B. discuss the problems of his bicycle C. tell us how to solve a problem D. show us how to analyze a problem 4. Which of the following is NOT true? A. People do not analyze the problem they meet.

B. People often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. C. People may learn from their past experience. D. People can not solve some problems they meet.

5. As used in the last sentence, the phrase “in short” means _________. A. in the long run 【Part Two:家庭作业】 第一节基础写作

你校进行题为“是否应该考查英语口语”的英语辩论赛。以下是正方的主要观点：

B. in detail

C. in a word

D. in the end

7

［写作内容］

请你根据以上内容写一篇短文，代表正方作最后的总结陈词。 1.阐述考查英语口语对各方面的积极影响； 2.呼吁各界重视英语口语教学。 〔写作要求〕

只能使用5个句子表达全部内容。（首句已给出，不计入句子总数。） ［评分标准］

句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。

Ladies and gentlemen, in summary, our team has argued that the testing of spoken English is both necessary and beneficial.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参】

【Part One:阅读全攻略(reading strategies)】 一、

（三）2.（1）A (2) C (4) D 二、 1-4 ACDB 三、BDCAC

【Part Two:家庭作业】

8

Ladies and gentlemen, in summary our team has argued that the testing of spoken English is both necessary and beneficial.

Most students agree that it helps them develop the habits of reading aloud and having conversations in English which in turn improves their English level. Students come to realize that oral English is as important as reading and writing. In addition, the speaking test pushes our teachers to focus more on teaching spoken English, makes the class more interesting and encourages teachers to improve their own spoken language skills. Nowadays, English is considered to be a global language so we can use it to communicate with people from other countries more easily. Therefore, we believe that more attention should be given to teaching and learning spoken English and this can be done by testing spoken English.

9