考研英语(一)模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（一）模拟试卷18 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing

Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)

Antibiotics, before they became used as drugs, were natural products. A new finding provides the first direct【C1】______that antibiotic resistance is a widespread natural phenomenon that【C2】______the modern medical use of antibiotics. Experts had long predicted this on theoretical【C3】______, but they say the new finding【C4】______the need to use antibiotics sparingly, 【C5】______that the genes for antibiotic resistance are very common and can easily be【C6】______by antibiotics. “The fact that the genes for resistance are so ancient and widespread means there is no easy【C7】______to the problem of resistance — we will never invent a super-antibiotic that【C8】______everything up,” said Martin J. Blaser, a microbiologist at New York University. Antibiotics are substances【C9】______by fungi, algae and bacteria for signaling and for defense. The inhabitants of this microbial world have also evolved genes that【C10】______antibiotics. After millions of years of chemical【C11】______, two classes of sophisticated genes have【C12】______, those that make antibiotics and those that provide resistance to antibiotics. “Antibiotic resistance is part of the natural ecology of the planet, and this finding is a【C13】______note about how we use these things,” Dr. Wright said. “Antibiotics are remarkable resources that need to be carefully【C14】______. “ Widespread use of the drugs has stimulated the【C15】______of bacteria that have become the 【C16】______of hospitals because they can resist many different kinds of antibiotic. “What this finding says to me is that we have to use the antibiotics we have【C17】______, because we’re not going to【C18】______misuse,” said Stuart Levy, a microbiologist at Tufts University who has【C19】______of wasteful use of antibiotics for 30 years. “What had been missed in the 1960s and 1970s was the【C20】______with which resistance could appear,” he said. “Bacteria share these genes like baseball cards with each other. “[308 words]

1． 【C1】 A．assessment B．evidence C．observation D．instruction

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查上下文语义。

2． 【C2】

A．boosted B．restricted C．preceded D．succeeded

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查上下文语义。

3． 【C3】 A．grounds B．terms C．point D．account

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查旬内语义+介词短语。

4． 【C4】 A．underlines B．underestimates C．undertakes D．undermines

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查上下文语义+形近动词辨析。

5． 【C5】 A．save B．given C．suppose D．provided

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查句内逻辑。

6． 【C6】 A．restored B．suppressed C．promoted D．impaired

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词辨析。

7． 【C7】 A．dispute B．solution C．denial D．decision

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查上下文语义。

8． 【C8】 A．mixes B．stirs C．backs D．clears

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查句内语义+动词短语。

9． 【C9】 A．produced B．delivered C．regulated D．gathered

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查上下文语义。

10． 【C10】 A．synthesize B．enhance C．mishandle D．counteract

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查上下文语义。

11． 【C11】 A．warfare B．selection C．exchange D．blend

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查上下文语义。

12． 【C12】 A．disappeared B．emerged C．merged D．divided

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查上下文语义。

13． 【C13】 A．cautionary B．debatable C．retrospective D．sensitive

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查全文主旨。

14． 【C14】 A．mapped B．nursed C．addressed D．husbanded

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查上下文语义+熟词辟义。

15． 【C15】 A．discovery B．repression C．development D．exclusion

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查上下文语义。

16． 【C16】 A．resource B．shelter C．failure D．trouble

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查上下文语义+名词辨析。

17． 【C17】 A．confidently B．prudently C．creatively D．temporarily

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查文章主旨。

18． 【C18】 A．get by on B．get down to C．get away with D．get back to

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词短语。

19． 【C19】 A．approved B．learned C．warned D．conceived

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词短语。

20． 【C20】 A．haste B．difficulty C．care D．ease

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查全文主旨+介词短语。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

In 2004 Google unveiled Gmail: a powerful e-mail account with a gigabyte

of storage. That was 500 times what Hotmail was offering—so much storage, the original Gmail didn’t even offer a delete button—and all for free. But not everyone rejoiced. Gmail paid for all of this goodness by displaying small text ads, off to the right of each incoming message, relevant to its contents. Privacy advocates went ballistic. It didn’t seem to matter to them that a software algorithm—not a human being—was scanning your messages for keywords. The Electronic Privacy Information Center called for Gmail to be shut down, and a California state senator proposed a bill that would make it illegal to scan the contents of incoming e-mail. To many people, it seems that the more time we spend online, the more often we are offered convenience in exchange for our privacy. Grocery stores’ affinity cards give us discounts—but let them track what we are buying and eating. Amazon, com greets us by name and remembers what we have bought. Facebook has amassed the largest database of personal information in human history (more than half a billion people). Of course, convenience-for-privacy deals have been going on for years. Credit cards leave a trail. Phones give phone company employees a record of who you’ve been calling. It’s nice to have a house to live in—but buying one leaves a permanent record of your whereabouts. There are some good reasons to protect certain aspects of our privacy, of course. We would never want our medical or financial details to keep us from getting a job—or a date. We might not want our voting patterns made public. But beyond those obvious exceptions, privacy fears have always been more of an emotional reaction than a rational one. (Does anyone really care what groceries you buy? Does it matter if they do?) And in the online world, much of it is simply fear of the unknown, of what’s new. In time, as the unknown becomes familiar, each new wave of online-privacy terror seems to fade away. Nobody bats an eye over Gmail’s ad-scanning feature anymore. Even middle-agers and grandparents are signing up for Facebook. The younger generation can’t even comprehend why their elders worry about privacy. Indeed, the entire appeal of the new age of online services is to broadcast personal information. On purpose. Foursquare, Gowalla and Face-book Places even publicize your current location, so that your friends can track your movements (and, of course, join you). If you were among those who thought that Google overstepped privacy lines with Gmail, you must be positively freaked about these developments. But at least some aspects of your privacy have been gone for years. The fear you feel may be real, but the chances of someone actually looking up the boring details of your life are reassuringly small. As with fear of flying, shark attacks or lightning, your gut may not be getting realistic data from your brain. [497 words]

21． We learn from Para. 1 that Google’s Gmail provoked suspicion mainly for______.

A．its acclaimed storing capacity B．its lack of innovation

C．its message-scanning function D．its free services

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查事实细节。

22． Convenience-for-privacy deals______.

A．are a new phenomenon brought out by the internet B．are gaining popularity with the development of internet C．are faced with the challenge from the internet D．pose a threat to online businesses

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查事实细节。

23． According to the author, privacy fears are generally______. A．a response to information leakage B．a result of rational thinking

C．an emotional reaction to the unknown D．a necessary protection for ourselves

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查作者观点。

24． Which of the following expressions is closest in meaning to “bat an eye over” (Line 2, Para. 5)?

A．care about B．rejoice over C．ignore

D．feel unfamiliar with

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查词义推断。

25． Which of the following is closest to the meaning of this text? A．The fear of ill exceeds the ills we fear. B．Caution is the parent of safety.

C．Do not wash your dirty linen in public. D．All news has wings.

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查文章主旨。

We may do something with the best of intentions, and sometimes even accomplish the good toward which we aim. Yet, at the same time, we are all too often surprised by results that didn’t occur to us beforehand. The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980

started out with the best of intentions. But now it is under increasing scrutiny by swelling ranks of critics. The primary concern is that its original intent — to infuse the American marketplace with the fruits of academic innovation — has distorted the fundamental mission of universities. In the past, discovery for its own sake provided academic motivation, but today’s universities function more like corporate research laboratories. Rather than freely sharing techniques and results, researchers increasingly keep new findings under wraps to maintain a competitive edge. What used to be peer-reviewed is now proprietary. “Share and share alike” has degenerated into “every laboratory for itself. “ “Bayh-Dole tore down the taboos that existed against universities engaging in overtly commercial activity. Universities really thought that they were going to make it rich,” said Jennifer Wasrhburn, author of “University Inc. : The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education”. “Each school was convinced that if they came up with that one blockbuster invention, they could solve all their financial problems. “ Ms. Washburn says that was “extremely wrong-headed. “ Initially reacting to the law by slapping patents on every possible innovation, universities quickly discovered that patents were an expensive proposition. The fees and legal costs involved in obtaining a single patent can run upward of $ 15,000, and that doesn’t count the salaries of administrative staff members. Instead of bringing home the bacon, university tech transfer offices were throwing money into the void with little hope of returns. To date, Ms. Washburn says, data gathered by the Association of University Technology Managers show that fewer than half of the 300 research universities actively seeking patents have managed to break even from technology transfer efforts. Instead, two-thirds of the revenue tracked by the association has gone to only 13 institutions. Part of the problem has been a lingering misunderstanding about where the value lies in innovation. Patenting a new basic science technique, or platform technology, puts it out of the reach of graduate students who might have made tremendous progress using it. Similarly, exclusive licensing of a discovery to a single company thwarts that innovation’s use in any number of other fields. The issue is further clouded by “reach through” licenses, complex arrangements used by many tech transfer offices. A reach-through lets the patent holder claim a share of any profits that result from using, say, an enabling technology, even if those profits come several steps down the market transfer line. Perhaps the most troublesome aspect of campus commercialization is that research decisions are now being based on possible profits, not on the inherent value of knowledge. “Blue sky” research — the kind of basic experimentation that leads to a greater understanding of how the world works — has largely been set aside in favor of projects considered to have more immediate market potential. In academia’s continuing pursuit of profit, the wonder of simple serendipitous discovery has been left on the curb. [510 words]

26． The Bayh-Dole Act______.

A．aims to change the missions of universities

B．aims to enhance academic motivation in universities

C．has hindered the sharing in academic world D．has stimulated scientific discovery

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查事实细节。

27． According to Ms. Washburn, for most universities, patenting their innovations______.

A．has proved to be cost-ineffective

B．has strengthened their competitiveness C．has benefited their academic research D．has relieved their financial difficulties

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查文中人物观点。

28． Researchers should base their decisions on______. A．immediate economic profits B．long-term market potential C．the value of knowledge

D．the prospect of their universities

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查推理引申。

29． To which of the following does the author show his most negative opinion? A．The Bayh-Dole Act.

B．The book “University Inc. : The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education”. C．Reach through licenses. D．Blue sky research.

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查事实综合。

30． An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be______. A．Fors and Againsts of “Campus Commercialization” B．Costs and Benefits of Holding Patents

C．When Academia Puts Profit Ahead of Wonder D．When Universities Lose Their Edge in Innovation

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查作者观点。

Adam Smith, free-market partisan: this image dominates, even in

market-weary times. Politicians invoke him as a near-deity. Think tanks use his name as a synonym for free-market policies. So dogmatic is he imagined to be in his famous book “The Wealth of Nations” that the writer-activist Riane Eisler wrote a corrective titled “The Real Wealth of Nations; Creating a Caring Economics. “ The implication that his economics was uncaring might have disturbed Adam Smith, for he was hardly the man that many now think him to be. While he believed that markets could channel self-interest into efficient aggregate outcomes, he argued that this was no excuse for selfishness: “When the happiness or misery of others depends in any respect upon our conduct, we dare not, as self-love might suggest to us, prefer the interest of one to that of man-y. “ That quotation is not from “The Wealth of Nations,” Smith’s best-known work, but from “The Theory of Moral Sentiments,” his lesser-known opus. It offers a reminder that Smith was a subtle, complex thinker whose ideas about markets and those who use them would embarrass many of his present-day devotees. Smith is often treated like the philosopher of the Goldman Sachs bonus, as the defender of an anything-goes capitalism. But in “Moral Sentiments” he sharply criticizes the idea that self-interest is enough. A healthy society, Smith believed, requires trust, so that bankers lend. It requires sympathy: the book’s first words praise the feelings in every person that “interest him in the fortune of others. “ It requires prudence; simplicity, honesty, thrift, the deferral of gratification, industry, a refusal to risk fortune and tranquillity “in quest of new enterprises and adventures. “ And it requires regulation, transparency and other mechanisms of fair play. In Smith’s vision, greed is socially beneficial only when properly harnessed and channeled. But “Moral Sentiments” does more than just balance our understanding of Smith. It is also a thorough analysis of money and the human character. If “The Wealth of Nations” was Smith the economist describing the workings of the market, “Moral Sentiments” is Smith the social psychologist describing how humans actually employ that market. “To what purpose is all the toil and bustle of this world?” Smith asks. We ever insist on “bettering our condition,” he writes, not out of necessity, not to feed or clothe ourselves, but for vanity: “To be observed, to be attended to, to be taken notice of with sympathy. “ His words seem strangely relevant to this age of elusive dinner reservations and fractional jet ownership. Smith saw, as well, how the powerful are encouraged in their vanity by the rest of us: how we puff them up, hang on their deeds, pay more attention to them than to the unfortunate, and gradually make them sense that they can get away with anything. The ambitious man, Smith writes, comes to believe “that the brilliancy of his future conduct will entirely cover, or efface, the foulness of the steps by which he arrived at that elevation. “ It is this sense of impunity that worried Smith about the wealth pursuit. [508 words]

31． Riane Eisler’s work is mentioned in paragraph 1 to______. A．exemplify the doubts about free-market economics B．reveal the less-known image of Adam Smith C．demonstrate the stereotype about Adam Smith

D．introduce the real nature of economics

正确答案：C

解析：本题考察写作目的

32． “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” would embarrass those who believe that______.

A．market is merciless in nature B．greed can be socially beneficial

C．they can benefit from the fortune of others D．market requires regulation

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查推理引申。

33． The title the author probably agrees to grant Smith is______. A．a subtle, complex thinker B．uncaring economist

C．philosopher of the Goldman Sachs bonus D．defender of an anything goes-capitalism

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查事实细节。

34． It can be said that “The Wealth of Nations” and “Moral Sentiments” are______.

A．complementary B．contradictory C．similar D．identical

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查推理引申。 35． According to this passage , the most destructive factor to a market is______. A．human greed

B．man’s lust for power C．the sense of impunity D．the lack of regulation

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查事实细节。

Generation Y—the group of Americans currently in their late teens to early

30s—gets called a lot of names. Personal finance advisers dub gen Y-ers spendthrifts. Marketers consider them brand-lovers. Pop psychologists describe them as coddled products of helicopter parents; a generation that can barely survive in the real world on its own. But one of their defining characteristics—their savviness as consumers, derived from growing up in the Internet age as well as experiencing the most recent recession—has been largely ignored. As a result, many of the companies trying to win them over are doing it all wrong. Gen Y likes to feel influence and power. They like to feel that companies are serving them and really bristle at the idea of being taken advantage of. These relatively new consumers are also on the lookout for potential scams and bad deals, she says, and are wary at the first sign that they are being manipulated. For the most part, banks, retailers, and other companies have failed to embrace this generation’s new mind-set. Banks further erode the trust of many young customers, who already regard financial institutions with suspicion, every time they blast off a slew of product offers. “People feel like they’re getting bombarded with irrelevant offers,” says Ron Shevlin, senior analyst at Aite Group, a research and advisory firm. In the retail sector, traditional lifestyle advertising has become as outdated as low-rise jeans. Abercrombie & Fitch’s reliance on its “cool and sexy” collegiate image no longer resonates with 20-somethings who now set a priority on saving money over following the latest fashion trends. “These consumers are very adept at Internet searches and feel comfortable price-comparison shopping,” says Stephanie Noble, associate professor of marketing at the University of Mississippi. Instead of feeling embarrassed about being “cheap,” they have a sense of accomplishment at finding the lowest price, Noble adds. That’s not to say gen Y doesn’t also love brands. The brands that resonate are the brands that provide value. That focus on value can work in retailers’ favor, if they know how to exploit it. Nita Rollins, a trends expert at Resource Interactive, a digital marketing agency, urges companies to embrace the kind of secondhand swapping popular on sites such as Craigslist and eBay. A snowboarding company, for example, could allow customers to trade in their used snowboards for a discount on their next purchase. Such a program would show that the company “is cool enough to know customers want to recirculate their possessions,” says Rollins. If the company refinished the secondhand snowboards it collected and resold them, it would show that it was in tune with gen Y’s interest in sustainability, too, she adds. “This trend of ‘ unconsumption,’ where people don’t just spend less but also try to repurpose what they’ve already got, is here to stay. “ That other defining characteristic of the demographic—love of and access to technology— has led some companies astray in their marketing efforts, especially on social networking sites such as Facebook. If you’re a company, don’t tell gen Y-ers about yourself. Instead, just let them know what you can do for them, and if you’re lucky, they’ll tell their friends. And that brings up one more name you can call gen Y: influential. [515 words]

36． The first paragraph intends to tell us that Gen Y-ers are______. A．spendthrifts

B．brand-lovers

C．well-protected children D．informed consumers

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查段落主旨。

37． The main reason why companies fail to win over Gen Y-ers is that______. A．they neglect the establishment of brand effect B．they often set consumption traps and bad deals

C．they can’t offer customers the feeling of being served D．their product ranges are too narrow

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查推理引申。

38． Among various brands, Gen Y-ers tend to choose the one that______. A．provides value B．is the cheapest C．is most famous

D．makes them look cool

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查推理引申。

39． According to Rollins, the trend of ‘unconsumption’ ______. A．brings companies new opportunities B．poses a serious threat to companies

C．derives from Gen Y’s interest in sustainability D．is likely to be a transient phenomenon

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查事实细节。

40． The author call Gen Yers ‘inflential’ mostly because______. A．they are sensitive to trends and styles B．they can spread information efficiently C．they have great purchasing power D．they advocate green consumption

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查写作目的。

Part B (10 points)

[A] Each New Year’s Day lots of people make plans to do more exercise or give up smoking. But by January 2nd many of them have not moved from the sofa or are lighting another cigarette. Such triumphs of optimism over experience are common enough. But like other examples of repeated procrastination, they are hard to explain using standard economic models. [B] When asked why, almost four-fifths of farmers said that they did not have enough money to buy fertiliser for the land they farmed. Yet fertiliser was readily available in multiples of a kilogram, so even poor farmers earned enough to buy fertiliser for at least a fraction of their fields. Better intentions made little difference: virtually all farmers said they planned to use fertiliser the following season, but only 37% actually did so. The reason for this gap between intent and action, the economists argue, is that many farmers are present-biased and procrastinate repeatedly.[C] In a 1999 paper on the economics of procrastination, Ted O’Donoghue and Matthew Rabin pointed out that people are often unrealistically optimistic about their own future likelihood of doing things—such as exercise or saving—that involve costs at the time they are done, but whose benefits lie even further ahead. Mr. O’Donoghue and Mr. Rabin showed that this sort of behaviour can be explained if people are time-inconsistent. “Present-biased” preferences mean that people will always tend to put off unpleasant things until tomorrow, even if the immediate cost involved is tiny. As long as they are unsure of the precise extent of this bias, they believe (incorrectly) that they will in fact “do it tomorrow”. But since they feel this way at each point in time, tomorrow never quite comes. Such a model can therefore explain endless procrastination.[D] Such predictions can help other procrastinators, too. In recent field trials in the Philippines some smokers who wanted to quit were offered a “commitment contract”. Those who signed up put money into a zero-interest bank account. If they passed a test certifying that they were nicotine-free six months later, they got their money back. If not, it went to charity. The contract increased the likelihood of quitting by over 30% over a control group. Those new-year resolutions need not turn to ash.[E] A model of such preferences generates several interesting predictions. It suggests that a tiny discount—enough to make up for the small costs associated with buying fertiliser— should induce present-biased farmers to make the purchase. The model also suggests that a given discount would be more effective if offered immediately after the harvest rather than just before the next planting period, by which time it would be useful only for those farmers who had no problems with saving money.[F] It can also suggest ways to change behaviour. A recent NBER paper by Esther Du-flo, Michael Kremer and Jonathan Robinson argues that a tendency to procrastinate may explain why so few African farmers use fertiliser, despite knowing that it raises yields and profits. Only 9% of the farmers believed fertiliser would not increase their profits. Yet only 29% had used any in either of the two preceding seasons.[G] These models recognise that people prefer to put off unpleasant things until the future rather than do them today. Asked on January 1st to pick a date for that first session in the gym, say, you may well choose to start in two weeks’ time rather than tomorrow. But the standard models also assume that your choices about future actions are “time-consistent”— they do not depend on when you

are asked to make the choice. By January 14th, in other words, you should still be committed to going to the gym the next day. In the real world, however, you may well choose to delay your start-date again.A→41. ( )→—42. ( )→F→43. ( )→44. ( )→45. ( )

41．

正确答案：G

42．

正确答案：C

43．

正确答案：B

44．

正确答案：E

45．

正确答案：D

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

For decades, apocalyptic environmentalists (and others) have warned of humanity’s imminent doom, largely as a result of our unsustainable use of and impact upon the natural systems of the planet. Yet, at the exact same time, humanity has never been better. (46) In the September issue of BioScience, a group of scientists attempts to reconcile the conflict and answer the question; “How is it that human well-being continues to improve as ecosystem services decline?” (47) The authors, led by geographer Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne of McGill University, offer four hypotheses for this “environmentalist’s paradox”: humans are actually worse off than we think; the ability to grow food trumps all other ecosystem services as far as humans are concerned; technology has allowed us to transcend the environment; and the ill effects of environmental degradation lag its benefits, i. e. the worst is yet to come. First off, as far as anyone who has studied the issue can tell, despite vast differences, on the whole, humanity has never been better. (48) Yes, more people are now displaced by warfare than at any time since World War II, and yes, natural disasters affect more people than ever, but we’re far more prepared to deal with such

things and therefore actual deaths as a result of them are going down. So that hypothesis is right out. As for farming, it’s pretty clear that it’s one of (if not the) most important ecosystem services humanity requires. (49) While there are costs associated with the loss of other ecosystem services—an example is the loss of wetlands that helped doom New Orleans to the ravages of Hurricane Katrina—our continued success at farming trumps them. And we are get-ting better at it, growing more crops on less land—a key technological innovation. However, new technologies hardly free humanity from, for example, the need for the fresh water provided by natural systems. So are we simply storing up trouble for the future, like the rising C02 levels in the atmosphere that have locked in some amount of global warming for the foreseeable future? Yes and no—climate change is a certainty, whether all of human society is headed for collapse is not. As the researchers put it: “While there are many important time lags in Earth’s systems. .. the consequences of those lags for human well-being are unclear. “ (50) That’s not exactly comforting, nor is the fact that we cannot assume that the past is opening to the future. The potential for unexpected and sudden crises always looms, like the global economic collapse or food crisis in 2008. At the same time, there is the potential for technology to begin helping ecosystem services-engineering man-made systems that mimic natural ones and produce as many benefits-rather than hurting them. Beginning to design urban ecosystems holistically rather than piecemeal might alleviate some of the pressure on natural ecosystems. Management is no longer a luxury. We had better get good at it. [483 words]

46．

正确答案：在《生物科学》9月刊中，一批科学家试图调和这个矛盾，并回答“为什么生态系统服务功能衰退了，而人类福祉却得到了提升”这个问题。

47．

正确答案：以麦吉尔大学地理学家席亚拉·劳德赛普·赫恩为首，作者们对这种“环保主义者悖论”做了四个假设：人类实际上要比我们想象的更糟糕；对人类而言，种植粮食的能力战胜了所有其他生态系统服务功能；科技已然使我们超越了环境的界限；环境退化的不良影响尚且小于它(给人类带来)的好处，即，最坏的结果还没有出现。

48．

正确答案：是，现在因战争而迁徙的人数要比二战以来任何时候都多，而且，对，受自然灾难影响的人也要比以往多，但是，我们已做了充分的准备来应对这些事情，因此实际死亡人数是在减少。

49．

正确答案：尽管因其他生态系统服务功能丧失人类有所损失——湿地的减少使得“卡特里娜”飓风在新奥尔良肆虐就是个例子——但是我们在农耕上的持续成功仍然占了上风。

50．

正确答案：这并不足以让人欣慰，事实是，我们不能假设过去是未来的序幕，这同样不能让人欣慰。

Section III Writing

Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)

51． The School Network Department plans to recruit volunteers to clarify groundless Internet messages concerning social life. As the leader of this department, you will write a notice to 1) explain the purpose of your plan, 2) list the basic qualifications for applicants and 3) add other information which you think is relative. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “School Network Department” instead. (10 points)

正确答案：Dear friends, The opening of World University Games may have sparked your interest in beginning or continuing your own sport plan. Your interest is always being the focus of Campus Newspaper. A special report a-bout your sport habits is being compiled. To make the report interesting to read, we need you to answer the following questions: 1. What’s your favorite sport? 2. How much time do you spare for sport every week? 3. Do you think your habits have some effects on your health and study? Please give us examples. 4. What may obstruct you from fulfilling your sport plan? Any other relevant information is also very welcome. Hope to receive your early reply. Sincerely yours, Li Ming

52． Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80—100 English words. (10 points)大学生消费行为和心理的个体差异 当代大学生消费心理与行为表现出个体差异性的特点。由于家庭环境、学校类型、年级、性别等的不同，其消费心理与行为，如消费水平、消费结构、消费习惯、消费价值观等方面均存在差异性，不同群体大学生消费水平及结构出现了分化。 性别是影响大学生消费心理与行为的重要因素。在消费行为特征方面，大多数研究都证实了性别差异的存在。吴琪(2009)发现男生在消费计划性方面明显不如女生，男生网购、超前消费行为的比例也高于女生，而在选择名牌、追求时尚方面，女生比例则高于男生。苏创等(2010)发现在喜新厌旧的心理上，女生对某一种物品更容易喜新厌旧。 不同年级的学生消费心理与行为存在差异。首先，各个年级大学生消费总水平差异不大，但由于各年级面临任务与挑战不同，具体消费结构存在差异。大多数研究表明各年级大学生日常生活消费不存在明显差距(如陈玉

珍，2007)，但低年级学生的通讯费高于高年级学生(周丽，2007)，高年级学生在学习和交际方面的消费明显高于低年级学生(王宝状等，2007)。其次，随着年级的增长，大学生消费心理总体更加理性成熟，消费心理有向健康理性发展的趋势。随着年级的增长，喜新厌旧心理在学生中的表现越少(苏创，2010)，低年级学生消费不理智，易冲动，攀比心理更为严重(余文盛，2005)。然而也有研究表明高年级学生有超前消费行为的比例高于低年级学生(吴琪，2009)，这可能主要与高年级学生面临毕业与求职的挑战有关。 生源地不同的大学生消费行为有所差异。首先，总体看来，来自发达地区的大学生整体消费水平明显高于来自不发达地区(尤其是农村)的大学生。农村学生消费更为谨慎(陈玉珍，2007；周丽，2007；王宝状2007；王嘉毅等，2008)，对于没有固定收人的大学生群体而言，这种差异其实反映出当前城乡家庭收入水平的差异。其次，在消费结构方面来自发达地区的大学生娱乐费用高，来自不发达地区的大学生几乎没有娱乐费用。城镇学生在手机、恋爱、聚餐、假日旅游、上网、个人形象设计等方面的费用较高，而用于函授、自考、抽烟等方面的费用则比农村学生低(余文盛，2005)。最后，在消费特征方面，不同生源地大学生存在显著差异。来自不发达地区的大学生在消费计划性方面明显好于来自不发达地区的大学生。城镇籍大学生选择名牌、追求时尚、超前消费等的比例更高(吴琪，2009)。 月消费水平也与消费模式存在关联，不同消费能力学生的消费特征存在差异。发现月消费能力高的学生的时尚新鲜、攀比炫耀、冲动发泄、喜新厌旧等心理更加明显(苏创，2010)；家庭收入越高，用于交际、生活等方面的支出就越多(王宝状，2007)。总体看来，来自中高收入水平家庭的大学生消费总水平也相应较高(王嘉毅，2008)，但学习等刚性消费差异较小，差异主要表现在交际消费以及非理性消费等方面。 此外，研究发现，大学生的消费水平不仅与家庭收人总水平有关，也与大学生对家庭经济承受能力的认识有关。认为家庭经济承受能力较低的学生消费水平明显低于其他学生。可见，相当多的大学生的消费是比较理智的，会根据家庭经济状况合理确定消费水平(童玉英，2006)。 大学生的消费心理和行为存在差异性，因此对大学生开展消费心理教育，需看到不同群体的差异性，不能完全采取“一刀切”的方式，应在细分的基础上采取有针对性的教育策略。例如，对于女生要避免其过度追求时尚、盲目消费，对于男生要关注其网络尤其是网络游戏消费，帮助他们做到有节有度；将教育重点放在低年级尤其是刚入学的大学生群体上，做到及时引导，防患于未然；对于高年级的学生要采取多种方式对其升学、求职、就业消费加以辅导；对于文科生、家庭收入水平较高的学生及来自于城市或发达地区的学生要警惕其非理性消费的倾向，加大家庭“感恩”教育的力度，等等。总之，只有充分考虑到大学生消费心理的个体差异，才能提出具有针对性与时效性的教育对策，才能真正帮助大学生树立科学、理性的消费观，实现发展与成长。

正确答案： The Reasons for Rural Environment Problem Pollutants both flowing in from cities and discharged locally cause rural areas to suffer from an acute pollution problem. This problem arises out of backward production modes and life style in rural areas, flawed construction of relevant laws and inadequate investment in rural environment protection. Firstly, pollution is caused by old-fashioned production modes, such as township enterprises using natural resources as the main elements of production or being unable to establish pollution-treating facilities and farmers extensively using fertilizer and pesticide. Secondly, pollution is

caused by disorganized and scattered settlements of farmers, bad health habits and over-consumption of traditional energy resources. Another important reason is about unsound legal system of rural environment protection and incomplete implementation of relevant laws. The last reason concerns seriously inadequate investment in rural environment protection.

Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)

53． Write an essay of 160 — 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

正确答案： A famous company in the animal world is recruiting and a cock, the manager of this company, is in charge of the interview. Attracted by promising job vacancies, a cat, a pig, a duck and many other animals decently dress themselves for the job competitioa To their great surprise, the admission requirements are specially designed based on the features of a chicken. Because of those unfair requirements, all the applicants are disqualified, although some of them are professionally capable. The above picture satirizes a kind of unfair employment practice now drawing public complaints. Some authorities, abusing their power, demand that special application requirements be set to ensure their kids or relatives will be the only winners in the job competition. There was a scandal spreading about recruiting civil servants in a certain city. The admission requirements were listed according to personalities and life experience of the kids of local government officials. Those requirements seemed like vivid biography, including the exact description of body height, body weight and even the date of birth. Such recruitment procedure fails to provide candidates with a stage for fair competition. It is harmful to both capable people and the society. Real talents will be deprived of the good career opportunities and without talents’ participation in socially influential companies or organizations, the society will not develop healthily.