1、定义: 一般现在时表示现在经常反复发生的动作、存在的状态或习惯性的动作的时态。常与时间状语often （经常），usually（通常），always（总是），every（每个），sometimes（有时），at …（在几点钟）等连用。 例句：
I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七点去上学。 Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。 The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 我在小学就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
2、构成：（基本结构：主语+动词原形（be动词/行为动词）+其他）
1）当主语是第三人称单数时，行为动词需变形： a 人称代词
主格
宾格
单数
复数 单数 第一人称 I We Me 第二人称 You You You 第三人称
He They Him She They Her It
They
It
复数 Us You Them Them Them
b 行为动词变形 情况
构成方法
读音
例词
清辅音后读/s/
swim-swims；help-helps；
一般情况
加 -s
浊辅音和元音后
like-likes
读/z/
以辅音字母+o结
加 -es
读/z/
goes,does
尾的词
以s,sh,ch,x等结尾
加 -es
读/iz/
watches,washes
的词
以辅音字母+y结
变y 为i再加es
读/z/
study-studies
尾的词
不规则变化have变have 为 has变be
have-has be-am,is,are
和be动词
为am,is,are
3）否定和疑问
a 否定形式①be动词（am, is, are）+not；②在行为动词前加don‟t/don‟t Jack doesn’t like Chinese food at all. 杰克一点都不喜欢中国饮食。 b 一般疑问句①Do/Does+主语+do+其他？② Is/Are+主语+其他？ Do you have six classes every day? Yes, we do/ No, we don’t. Is Lucy at home now? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
c特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句? How many class do you have every day? What day is it today? 今天星期几？ 3、用法主要用于下面几情况：
1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。
在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：
They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。
She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。
I cycle to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。 It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。
2）仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。
这里的目的是为了\"描述现阶段的动作或状态\"，其重点\"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态\"。 例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。 That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。 She majors in music .她主修音乐。
All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。
My sister is always ready to help others. 我妹妹总是乐于助人。
3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。
顾名思义，客观的情况是 “没有时间概念”
“不会在意动作进行的状态”
The sun rises in the east .日出东方。
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。 Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。
Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。
The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。 4) 表示格言或警句中。例如：
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。（ 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.） 用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。 【习题】
1. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. A. will play
B. have played C. played D. play
【分析】D。“我的乒乓球是打得相当好的，但自新年以来还一直没有时间去打。”球打得好是现在已有的技能，故用一般现在时。
2. —You’re drinking too much.
—Only at home. No one ______ me but you. A. is seeing
B. had seen C. sees D. saw
【分析】C。由 only at home 可知“我”只在家里喝得多，除你之外，没有人看见。谈的是现在一般性情况，故用一般现在时。
（二）一般过去时
1、定义：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday，yesterday morning，yesterday afternoon，last night，in 1990 ，two days ago等。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作（过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为），常如often，always等表示频率的时间状语连用；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。 2、构成：（基本结构: 主语+动词过去式+其他）
1）一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，其规则动词变化方法如下：
情况 一般情况
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 以元音字母加y结尾的动词
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
以不发音的e结尾的动词
规则 加-ed 变y为-ied 加-ed
双写辅音字母加-ed
直接加-d
例词 Pack-packed carry-carried play-played
plan-planned refer-referred like-liked provide-provided
注：首先闭音节指单元音字母后都是辅单字母的音节。重读闭音节就是在单词中这个闭音节需要重读。英语单词的单节是按单词中元音数量和自成音节来计算的。如beautiful-->beau-ti-ful是三个音节interesting-->in-teres-ting也是三个音节。 只用一个音节的闭音节单词，都需要重读 如fat cat bag等 有两个音节的结尾音节为闭音节的，有可能重读，如begin-->A'B 也有可能不重读，如open-->'AB 有三个音节的结尾为闭音节的单词，读成'ABC, A'BC时，都不是重读闭音节，只有读成AB„C时才是重读闭音节。
2）常用不规则变化：常用的不规则动词的过去式：
do-did read-read write-wrote
win-won be-was/were make-made
drink-drank bring-brought go- went
buy-bought throw-threw come-came eat-ate have-had get-got meet-met put-put
注：was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他人称。
3) 否定和疑问
a 否定形式①was/were+not；②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词 Were you students? Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t. Did the house have two rooms? Yes, it did / No, it didn’t.
b 一般疑问句①Did+主语+do+其他？②Was/Were+sb.+ do sth. ？ Jane wasn’t in this classroom. The house didn’t have two rooms.
c特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was(were)/did+v+主语+表语/宾语? How many rooms did the house have? Which class was Jane in? 3、用法
1)一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生，也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去的事情。例如： I had a word with Julia this morning. 今天早晨，我跟朱丽亚说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子，抽烟抽得可凶了。
2）带有确定的过去时间状语时，要用过去时。如：yesterday（昨天）、two days ago（两
天前 ）、last year（去年）the other day（前几天）、once upon a time（很久以前）、just now（刚才）、in the old days（过去的日子里）、before liberation（解放前）、When I was 8 years old（当我八岁时）、at+一个时间点
例句： Did you have a party the other day? 前几天，你们开了晚会了吗？ Lei Feng as a good soldier. 雷锋是个好战士。
注意：在谈到已死去的人的情况时，多用过去时。
3）表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时。这种情况下，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来表示。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment，looked at the captain，and then died. 那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿，看看船长，然后就去世了。
4）表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always，never等连用。 Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.
彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。（只是说明她过去的动作，不表明她现在是否常带着伞。） 5）如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do（过去常常做，而现在不那样做了） He used to drink alcohol. 他过去喝酒。（意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了）
I used to take a walk in the morning. 我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了） 【习题】
1. Helen ______ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ______ home. A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come 解析：答案选 C。leave 应发生在 had to wait 这个过去动作之前，“过去的过去”用过去完成时; 后一空用一般过去时表示过去将来。
2. —Nancy is not coming tonight. —But she ______!
A. promises B. promised C. will promise
D. had promised
解析：答案选 B。“但她曾经答应要来的”，过去的许诺，故用一般过去时。 3. —You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?
—I’m sorry I ______ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you. A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say 解析：答案选 D。用一般过去时，指“我刚才没急于说”。
（三）一般将来时
1、定义
一般将来时表示在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用时间副词tomorrow, soon或短语next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime 做状语。如：
What will you do this afternoon? 你今天下午干什么？ We will have a meeting tomorrow. 我们明天要开会。 He is going to study abroad next year. 明年他要出国学习。 2、一般将来时的构成
一般将来时的基本用法是表示单纯的将来事实，由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成： We shall have a lot of rain next month. 下个月将下很多雨。 I think she will pass the exam. 我想他考试会及格的。 3、表示将来时间的几种常见方法
英语中除了“will /shall+动词原形”表示半来时态外，还可以有以下多种方法：
1) 用“be going to+动词原形”表示。主要表示打算和预测： We are not going to stay there long. 我们不准备在那里多待。(表打算) I’m afraid they’re going to lose the game. 恐怕他们会赛输。(表预测) Look, it’s going to rain. 瞧，要下雨了。(表预见)
注：be going to 后接动词go和come时，通常直接改用其进行时态：
Where is he going to go? / Where is he going? 他打算到哪里去？
2) 用“be to+动词原形”表示。主要表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作；有时也表示命令、禁止或可能性：
He is to leave for Beijing tomorrow. 他决定明天去北京。 Tell him he’s not to be back late. 告诉他不准迟回。
3) 用“be about to+动词原形”表示。主要表示即将要发生的事： He is about to leave. 他即将要离开。
Sit down, everyone. The film is about to start. 大家坐好，电影马上就要开发始了。 注：该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用：
误：He is about to leave soon [tomorrow].
另外，该结构在美国英语中还可表示“打算”(主要用于否定句)：
I’m not about to lend him any more money. 我不打算再借给他任何钱。 4) 用“be due to+动词原形”表示。主要表示按计划或时间表将要发生某事： He is due to leave very soon. 他很快就要离开。
His book is due to be published in October. 他的书计划10月份出版。
5) 用“现在进行时”(即be＋现在分词)表示。主要表示按计划或安排要发生的事： The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。 We’re having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。
注：该用法有时表示即将发生的动作：
I’m leaving. 我走了。
6) 用“一般现在时”表示。表示按规定或时间表预计要发生的事： The train leaves at 7:25 this evening. 火车今晚7:25分开。 Tomorrow is Wednesday. 明天是星期三。 We have a holiday tomorrow. 我们明天放假。
注：在表示时间、条件等的状语从句以及某些名词性从句、定语从句等中，也用一般现在时表示将来意义，参见“时态详解：一般现在时”的有关用法。
【习题】
1. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents __________ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided
D. will decide
分析：B。因宾语从句中的时态是一般将来时，主句中的谓语动词不可能是过去时态，排除选项A和D; 由语境判断，不是“将要决定”，而是“现在已经决定”，所以排除D，而选B。
2.—How can I apply for an online course?
—Just fill out this form and we __________ what we can do four you.
A. see B. are seeing
C. have seen D. will see
分析：D。表示将要发生的情况，自然是用一般将来时。
3. If their marketing plans succeed, they _________ their sales by 20 percent. A. will increase
B. have been increasing
C. have increased D. would be increasing
分析：A。由于if条件从句用的是一般现在时，所以其相应的主句宜用一般将来时。
（四）现在进行时
1、定义
现在进行时主要用于表示目前正在进行的动作，有时也可表示现阶段在进行的动作。如：
The teacher is giving us an English lesson. 老师正在给我们上英语课。 The farmers are getting in their crops. 农民们正在收割庄稼。
We are making preparations for the conference. 我们一直在为会议作准备。
2、构成
现在进行时由“am / is / are + 现在分词”构成。如：
I’m studying at Yu Cai Senior Middle school. 我在育才中学读书。 He is writing on the desk. 他再课桌上写字。
They are talking about their visiting the Great Wall. 他们在谈论游长城的事情。 【说明】动词现在分词的构成方法：
情况 一般情况
规则 加-ing
例词
say—saying, play—playing, think—thinking, study—studying, teach —teaching, blow—blowing,
build—building
以-e结尾的动词
去e加-ing
love—loving, make—making, guide—guiding, date—dating
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节
动词 以ie结尾的动词 以-c[k] 结尾的动词
变ie为y加-ing
加-king 双写辅音字母加-ing
begin—beginning,regret—regretting, plan—planning, ban — banning lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying
picnic—picnicking, panic—panicking
3、现在进行时的用法
1）现在进行时除表示说话时正在进行的动作之外，还可表示在短期内临时进行的动作或存在的情况，这种情况通常不会长期如此，并且在说话时刻也不一定正在进行。如：
Don’t take that ladder away. Your father’s using it. 别把梯子拿起，你父亲在用哩。 The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill. 秘书生病时，教授自己打他
的信。
2) 表示在短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况，这种情况通常不会长期如此。如： Her car has broken down. She’s going to work by bike. 她的汽车坏了，骑自行车上班。 The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill. 秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。
这种情况在说话时不一定在发生。如：
Don’t take that ladder away. Your father’s using it. 别把梯子拿走，你父亲在用哩。(说话时不一定正在用)
3) 即表示按计划或安排要发生的将来动作，这类用法在没有明确上下文的情况下，通常会连用一个表示将来时间的状语。如：
Are you working next week? 你下星期工作吗?
We are having a few guests tonight. 今晚我们有几个客人来。 She is buying a new bike soon. 她不久将买一辆新自行车。
We’re spending next winter in Australia. 我们将要在澳大利亚度过明年冬天。 用arrive, come, go, leave, take off等动词的现在进行时描写行程安排，也通常有含有将来意义。如：
He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 16:40 train. 他乘下午4:40的火车明天上午到。 4) 现在进行时有时可以与always, constantly, continually, forever等表示动作屡次发生的副词连用，强调动作的不断重复的。如：
He is always losing his keys. 他老是丢钥匙。
She’s constantly changing her mind. 她老是改变主意。
Some students in my class are forever talking. 我班上有些学生老是在说话。
这类用法通常带有一定的情感色彩，如表示满意、赞扬、责备、不满、厌烦、不以为然等。
【习题】
1. I’ve won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I ______ my mum. A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken 分析：A。现在进行时表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。 2. －What’s that terrible noise? －The neighbors ______ for a party. A. have prepared B. are preparing
C. prepare
D. will prepare
分析：B。由What’s=What is可知，现在在出声音; 进而知道“邻居们正在为一个晚会作准备”，所以用现在进行时。再说，已经准备好了或者将作准备，我们不可能听得到声音，问句也就不成立了，排除A和D。
3. Because the shop ______, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. A. has closed down B. closed down
C. is closing down D. had closed down
分析：C。由all the T-shirts are sold at half price可知，这家商店还没有关闭，但准备将要关闭，所以选C，用现在进行时表示最近的打算。
4. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People ______ to ask how I am going to spend the money.
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning
分的：D。指赢大奖以来的，近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。
5. They ______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we ______ it as no good results have come out so far.
A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C. have been working; have worked
D. have worked; are still working
分析：A。在I joined them之前，就是“过去的过去”，要用过去完成时或过去完成进
行时，排除选项C和D; 由now和“到目前还没有结果”可知，现在仍在进行这项工作，用现在进行时，排除选项B。
（五）过去进行时
1、定义
过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。如：
I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那时，我正在跟李华谈话。 I was watching TV at home last night. 昨晚我一直在看电视。 2、构成
过去进行时由“was / were + 现在分词”构成。如： Someone is knocking the door. 有人在敲门。 Steam was rising from the coffee. 咖啡冒着热气。 Clouds were flying across the sky. 云彩飘过天空。
注意有些was (were) doing sth不是现在进行时，而是系表结构，其中的doing sth是动名词，不是现在分词。如：
Her job was washing clothes. 她的工作是洗衣裳。 Her hobby was growing roses. 她的爱好是种植玫瑰。
Her suggestion was having our conversation in French. 她的建议是我们用法语交谈。 3、过去进行时的主要用法
1）表示在过去某一点时间或某一段时正在进行的动作。如：
I was having a bath when the phone rang. 我正在洗澡，突然电话铃响了。
She was writing letters. I didn’t want to disturb her. 她在写信。我不想打扰她。
2）表示在过去短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况，这种情况通常不会长期如此。如： It happened while I was living in Shanghai last year. 这件事发生于去年我住在伊斯特本的时候。
3）表示为过去的将来安排好的活动和事件。这类用法在没有明确上下文的情况下，通常会连用一个表示将来时间的状语。如：
He said that his sister was getting married next December. 他说他妹妹12月结婚。
4）动词 hope, wonder 等的过去进行时常用来表示提出要求，虽然表示现在的内容，但语气比一般现在时或一般过去时要委婉。如：
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知您能不能让我搭一下车。
I was thinking it might be a good idea to keep the window open. 我看还是把窗户开着的好。
注：一般过去时也有类似用法，相比之处，一般过去时通常表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的，而过去进行时则多表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。
5）过去进行时有时可以与always, constantly, continually, forever, perpetually, repeatedly等表示动作屡次发生的副词连用，强调动作的不断重复的。如：
She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。 He was constantly changing his mind. 他老是改变主意。 She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。
注：现在进行时也有类似用法，但过去进行时是表示过去不断重复的动作，而现在进行时是表示现在不断重复的动作。 【习题】
1. The reporter said that the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
分析：答案为A。过去进行时表示报告人当时所看到的情景。 2.—What were you doing when Tony phoned you? —I had just finished my work and ______to take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
分析：答案为D。过去进行时表示过去将要发生的事。句意是：(Tony给我打电话时)我刚好做完工作，准备去冲凉。
3.—Has Sam finished his homework today? —I have no idea. He ______it this morning. A. did
B. has done
C. was doing D. had done
分析：答案为C。由上文可知，下文的大意是：“我不知道Sam现在是否已经做完了作业，(但是我知道)他今天早上在做作业”，所以用过去进行时态。
4. —You were out when I dropped in at your house. —Oh, I ______for a friend from England at the airport. A. was waiting
B. had waited C. am waiting D. has waited
分析：答案为A。句意是：(你来我家时) 我正在机场等候一位从England来的朋友。表示在过去某一时刻或在过去某一段时间内正在发生的事，用过去进行时，所以选A。
5. — Where did you put the car keys?
— Oh, I ______ I put them on the chair because the phone rang as I ______ in. A. remembered; come B. remembered; was coming
C. remember; come D. remember; was coming
分析：答案为D。第一空用一般现在时，指的是“现在”还记得; 第二空用过去进行时，指的是当时正在做的事。
6. I ______ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ______. A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred
分析：答案为C。第一空用过去进行时，表示过去正在发生的情况; 第二空用一般过去时，表示过去突然发生的一件事。
（六）现在完成时
1、定义
现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。
I have finished my homework already. 我已经写完作业了。 2、构成：
1) 主语+have / has+过去分词+其他（主语是第三人称单数时用has，其余人称用have；过去分词规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同，规则动词需要特殊记忆。）
2) 否定：主语+ haven’t / hasn’t +过去分词+其他 3）疑问：Have /Has +主语+过去分词+其他? 3、用法
1）时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响，用以下四大标志词可以表达这种
含义：
a以already, just和yet为标志
already, just和yet表 现在为止动作或状态已经、 刚或还没有发生。 He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。 He hasn’t come back yet. 他还没有回来。 b以ever和never为标志
ever和never表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。 This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。 He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。 c以动作发生的次数为标志
若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次，则要使用现在完成时。
He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
d以so far为标志
so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生。
He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。 She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。 2) “时间”点段和动作“延续”
a过去开始的动作可以延续到某一点结束，也可能继续延续，这时就要根据时间“点”、“段”选择相应的介词for或since。(for+时间段，since+时间点，since+时间段+ago，since+时间状语从句) 如：
He has been away for two years. 他已走了两年。(for +时间段)
He has been an English teacher since 1992. 自从1992年以来他一直当英语教师。 (since +过去某一时刻)
b英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性两种。在现在完成时态中一定要注意动词这一特性，应将这类非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。如：
“Cats” has been on for half an hour. 《猫》已经开演半个小时了。 How long have you had this dictionary? 这本字典你买了多久了?
初中阶段常见的有：come—be, go out—be out, leave—be away (from), begin—be on, buy—have, borrow—keep—be a member /介词短语, die—be dead, become—be, open (v.)—be open (adj.) 等。
He has been away from here for several months. 他离开这里几个月了。 Chair Mao has been dead for many years. 毛主席逝世很多年了。 3） 用现在完成时的特殊句型
It‟s the first [second, third…] time that…的意思是“这是第一次（第二次、第三次……）做某事”，其中的that从句通常要用现在完成时。如：
It’s the second time I’ve come here. 这是我第二次来这儿。
It’s the first time that he has seen an elephant. 这是他第一次见到大象。 【习题】
1. —______ my glasses?
—Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago. A. Do you see B. Had you see
C. Would you see D. Have you seen
分析：D。现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响：问话人的目的是想知道眼镜在哪里。又如：
—Have you waited long? 你等了很久吗？
—No, I just arrived five minutes ago. 没等多久，我刚到五分钟。
2. I wonder why Jenny ______ us recently. We should have heard from her by now. A. hasn’t written B. doesn’t write C. won’t write
D. hadn’t written
分析：A。由 recently 和 by now 可知用现在完成时。又如：
I’ve been on rather too many planes and trains recently. 近来我乘飞机和火车次数太多了。
We haven’t seen enough of Ray and Barbara recently. 近来, 我们没怎么看见雷和巴巴拉。
分析：D。到目前为止成为朋友八年，用现在完成时; 在那次晚会相识成为朋友之前已经见过几次面，用过去完成时。又如：
I have had this car for ten years. 这辆车我已经买了十年了。 I haven’t seen Tom for two years. 我已经有两年没见到汤姆了。
I’ve lived in Central London for six years now, so I’m used to the noise. 到目前为止，我已在伦敦中区住了6年，已经习惯于那里的喧闹声了。
3. —How long ______ David and Vicky ______ married? —For about four years.
A. were; being B. have; got C. have; been D. did; get
分析：C。由 For about four years 可知，要用现在完成时，排除 A 和 D; 与时间段连用，不可用 get married, 要用 be married。又如：
I’ve worn glasses for ten years. 我戴眼镜已经十年了。
The Kenways have lived here for five years. 肯威家在这儿已经住了5年了。
（七）过去完成时
1、定义
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态，为八大时态之一。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”，即把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在不发生联系。
以时间轴来理解过去完成时的时间含义
————过去的过去————过去（参照点）————现在————→ 例如：
When the doctor arrived the patient had died. 医生到时病人已死了。
根据句意可知，“医生到达”为过去发生的动作，故用一般过去时；而当医生到时病人已死了，所以“病人死”就是过去的过去发生的情况，故用过去完成时。
She told me she had been with IBM for five years. 她告诉我说，她在国际商用机器公司已工作5年了。
根据句意可知，“她告诉我”为过去发生的情况，用一般过去时；而“她在国际商用机器公司工作5年”显然是“她告诉我”之前的事情，即属于过去的过去，所以用过去完成时。
I woke up because I had had a bad dream. 我醒了，因为我做了个噩梦。
“我醒了”为过去发生的情况，用一般过去时；我为什么醒了呢？是因为我做了个噩梦，显然“做噩梦”发生在“醒”之前，也就是说发生在过去的过去时间里，所以“做噩梦”要用过去完成时。
When we got there the basketball match had already started. 我们到那里时，篮球赛已经开始了。
“我们到达那里”为过去发生的情况，故用一般过去时；而我们到那里时篮球赛已经开始了，这说明“篮球赛开始”发生在“我们到达那里”这一过去时间之前，即属于过去的过去，所以“篮球赛开始”要用过去完成时。
2、构成
1) 肯定：主语+had+过去分词+其他（主语不论是否是第三人称，一律用had） 2) 否定：主语+ hadn‟t +过去分词+其他 3）疑问：Had +主语+过去分词+其他? 3、用法
1) 表示过去未曾实现的想法
过去完成时除表示“过去的过去”外，还可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算，通常连用的动词是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等：
I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事就没有来。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 我本来希望寄给他一张圣诞卡的，但我忘了寄了。
2）过去完成时用于特殊句式
在hardly [scarcely, barely]„when [before]„和no sooner„than„等句式中，主句通常要用过去完成时，而从句则通常要用一般过去时。这类句式均表示“一„„就„„”。如：
I had hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang. 我刚合上眼，电话铃就响了。 I had no sooner checked into the hotel than he arrived. 我一住进旅馆，他就到了。 【习题】
1. Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they ______ from China.
A. receive
B. are receiving
C. have received
D. had received
分析：D。本句意为：上个月，日本政府表达了他们从中国得到的援助。从时间上看，应该是先得到援助，然后才表示感谢，由于“表达”用的是一般过去时（expressed），所以“得
到援助”就应用过去完成时（had received）。又如：
He was conscious that he had annoyed his boss. 他意识到他惹烦了上司。
Although he had only entered the contest for fun, he won first prize. 尽管他参加这次竞赛只不过是闹着玩儿而已，却赢得了头奖。
2. We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody ______into the office during the night.
A. broke B. had broken C. has broken D. was breaking
分析：B。从时间上看，肯定是先有人在夜间闯进了办公室，然后才会有人发现这个情况。由于“发现”用的是一般过去时（found），所有夜间“闯进”办公室，就应用过去完成时（had broken）。又如：
（八）过去将来时
1、定义
过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。
例句：
I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。 I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。 2、构成和用法
1 ) would(should) + 动词原形, 表示过去将来或过去习惯性的动作(表习惯性动作时，不管什么人称，一律用would)
He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。（表过去将来） He didn’t know how to do it. What would be their ideas? 他不知道该怎么办，他们会有什么想法呢？（表过去将来）
Whenever she had time, she would do some reading. 她一有时间，总是看书。（表过去习惯性动作） I would play with them when I was a child.
当我还是孩童时，总是和他们一起玩。（表过去习惯性动作）
2 ) was / were going to + 动词原形，表示过去曾经打算或计划准备要做的事。 No one knew when he was going to finish his homework. 没有人知道他什么时候会完成作业。
They told me that they were going to have a picnic. 他们告诉我他们将要举行一次野餐。 We were going to have a meeting. 我们曾经打算开个会。
此结构还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。例如： It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看来好像要下雨。
3) was/ were ( about ) to + 动词原形，表示在过去看来正要做某事。 He said that they were to leave at six. 他说他们将于6点动身。 She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她说会议就要开始了。
They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他们正要走，电话铃响了。 I was just about to go to bed when she came to see me. 我正要睡觉，她来看我了。 4) come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬时动词，用在过去进行时态中表示过去将来。 She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告诉我们她将要去云南。 She didn't know when they were coming again. 她不知道他们时候会再来。 【习题】
1. Did you predict that many students ______ up for the dance competition?
A. would sign B. signed C. have signed D. had signed
分析：A。根据主句谓语动词predict（预计）的意思可知，从句应用过去将来时，即指预计将要发生某事。又如：
She predicted that the improvement would continue. 她预测情况将继续好转。
1. — Where did you put the car keys?
— Oh, I ______ I put them on the chair because the phone rang as I ______ in. A. remembered; come B. remembered; was coming C. remember; come
D. remember; was coming
【分析】D。第一空用一般现在时，指的是“现在”还记得; 第二空用过去进行时，指的是当时正在做的事。
Put on: 穿上；上演；增加 Put sth. on sp.: 把某物放置到某地
2. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 ______ off at 18:20. A. takes B. took
C. will be taken D. has taken
【分析】A。用一般现在时表示按规定或时间表预计要发生的事。 timetable:时间表；时刻表；课程表 take off(飞机)起飞；脱落，离开
3. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness ______.
A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown
【分析】C。紧张伴随等的过程而产生，应同时发生，waited 是一般过去时，grow 也用一般过去时。
nervousness: n 紧张
4. I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ______ it.
A. doesn’t mention B. hadn’t mentioned C. didn’t mention D. hasn’t mentioned 【分析】C。只描述过去所发生的情况，但没有强调对现在的影响，用一般过去时。
5. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language ______? A. did they speak C. are they speaking
B. were they speaking
D. have they been speaking
【分析】C。由Listen to„可知，要用现在进行时。 6.—Are you still busy?
—Yes, I ______ my work and it won’t take long. A. just finish B. am just finishing C. have just finished finish
【分析】B。由it won’t take long可知即将做完了，用现在进行时表示即将发生的事; 选项D表示“正打算做完”，与句意不符。
7. —I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening. —Impossible. She ______ TV with me in my home then. A. watched
B. had watched
C. would watch
D. was watching
D. am just going to
【分析】D。表示过去正在进行的动作，用过去进行时。第二句的意思是：不可能。她当时与我一起在我家看电视。
8. —Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.
—Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ______ of my friends back home. A. have just thought
B. was just thinking
C. would just think D. will just be thinking
【分析】B。指刚刚在想念老家的朋友，故用过去进行时。
9. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you __________ advertisements showing happy families
A. will often see B. often see C. are often seeing
D. have often seen
【分析】A。这是“祈使句+and +陈述句”句型，祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句，and后的陈述句的谓语用一般将来时，这是一个较为固定的句型。
turn on: 打开(turn over 翻转 turn round 转身 turn down 拒绝调低音量turn into 变成turn against 反take turns 轮流turn away 解雇 拒绝turn away from 对„„感到厌烦 turn back 阻挡 turn in 上交)
10. When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ________ up, her voice had been full of life.
A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D. would hang
【分析】C。从逻辑上说，当我在电话里和奶奶聊天时，她的声音听起来很虚弱；但到我们要挂电话时，她的声音又充满朝气。从逻辑上说，应该是“奶奶的声音又充满朝气”在先，“我们挂断电话”在后，如果是反过来的话，那说话者就无法听知道“奶奶的声音又充满朝气”之回事了。所以“挂断电话”应用一般过去时。另外，由于by the time后接的定语从句通常要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用一般过去时代替过去将来时，所以选项D不能选。
11. —I didn’t ask for the name list. Why ______ on my desk? —I put it there just now in case you needed it. A. does it land
B. has it landed
C. will it land D. had it landed
【分析】B。I didn’t ask for the name list用的是一般过去时，因为这是在陈述过去的事实；而 Why has it landed on my desk 用的是现在完成时，因为说话者需要强调影响或结果，即自己并没有向人要这份名单，但这份名单却放在了自己的桌上。又如：
A large number of books have been stolen from the library. 图书馆遗失了很多书。 There have been a lot of accidents in the fog. I read about one this morning. 这大雾天已发生了很多事故。今天上午我就看到其中一宗的报道。
12. It is the most instructive（有教育意义的） lecture that I ______ since I came to this school.
A. attended B. had attended
C. are attended
D. have attended
【分析】D。本来当一个受最高级形容词修饰的名词受到定语从句的修饰时，该定语从句既可用一般过去时，也可用现在完成时，但由于其后接了一个since引导的时间状语从句，故空格处应填现在完成时。句意为：自从我到这个学校以来，这是我所听到的最有教育意义的演讲。又如：
I’ve loved you ever since I met you. 自从我见到你，我就一直爱你。
He’s one of the company’s golden boys; sales have doubled since he took over as marketing director. 他是该公司非常成功的小伙，自他担任市场部主任以来，销售额已翻了一番。
13. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ______her somewhere. A. saw B. has seen
C. sees D. had seen
【分析】D。因为由语境可知，see应当发生在kept looking之前，即过去的过去，所以用过去完成时，只有D正确。又如：
When I had opened the windows I sat down and had a cup of tea. 我打开窗户后，就坐下来喝了一杯茶。
When I had written my letters I did some gardening. 我写完信之后，就在花园里干了点活
儿。
When he had shut the window we opened the door of the cage. 他关了窗户之后，我们把笼门打开了。
14. Father ______for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. A. has left
B. left
C. was leaving D. had left
【分析】D。由“我没见到他”可知，“在我到达”前“父亲已经去伦敦”了，即父亲去伦敦发生在“过去的过去”，用过去完成时。
15. He didn’t sell half as many videos as he thought he ______. A. had B. would C. was
D. sold
【分析】B。he would为he would sell之省略，为过去将来时，表示在当时看来将会出现的情况。句意为：他售出的录像带还不到他设想的一半。又如：
It’s curious (that) Billy hasn’t phoned when he promised he would. 比利答应要打电话来的，但一直没有打，这很反常。
as...as: 意为“和„„一样”，表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。其基本结构为：as+ adj./ adv. +as。
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